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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Reproductive Medicine and Biology

Institutional Perspectives on Assisted Reproductive Technology Using Third‐Party Gametes in Japan: A Nationwide Survey of Assisted Reproductive Technology Facilities

  • Nozomi Takahashi1
  • Miyuki Harada1
  • Hiroshi Koike1
  • Yuma Kawahara1
  • Yasuji Kitabatake2
  • Masayuki Kinutani3
  • Tomoe Koizumi4
  • Maki Suganuma5
  • Norihiro Sugino6
  • Nao Suzuki7
  • Akira Tsujimura8
  • Toshio Hamatani9
4 more authors
  • Naoki Mizunuma10
  • Seiji Wada11
  • Yasushi Hirota1
  • Yutaka Osuga1,12
12 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
  2. 2Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Osaka Osaka Japan
  3. 3Kinutani Women's Clinic Hiroshima Japan
  4. 4International Center for Reproductive Medicine Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center Saitama Japan
  5. 5Department of Psychological and Sociological Studies, School of Cultural and Social Studies Tokai University Tokyo Japan
  6. 6Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi Japan
  7. 7Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki City Japan
  8. 8Department of Urology Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital Urayasu Japan
  9. 9Haneda Clinic, Reproduction Center Fujita Health University Tokyo Japan
  10. 10Department of Legal Medicine Toho University Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
  11. 11Center for Maternal‐Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine National Center for Child Health and Development Tokyo Japan
  12. 12Teikyo Academic Research Center Teikyo University Tokyo Japan
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Abstract

Objective: To clarify institutional perspectives on assisted reproductive technology (ART) using third‐party gametes.

Methods: We surveyed 634 facilities registered with the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and 416 responses were included in a descriptive analysis.

Results: Psychosocial and economic stability of ART recipient couples were considered necessary in most facilities (94.6%). Japanese nationality and legal marriage were necessary recipient criteria in 36.8% and 54.3% facilities, respectively. Lower and upper age limits for female recipients were 20–25 and 43–45 years, respectively, whereas most male partners had no upper age limit (34.6%–36.6%). The most common upper age limit for oocyte donors was 35 years (67.9%). In contrast, upper age limits for sperm donors were more dispersed, with 40 years being the most common age at response to intrauterine insemination (35.6%) and in vitro fertilization (35.9%). The most accepted indications were hypergonadotropic hypogonadism for oocyte donation (87.5%) and failure to retrieve sperm via micro‐testicular sperm extraction for donor sperm treatment (97.3%). Most facilities considered psychosocial support necessary.

Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive overview of institutional perspectives on third‐party ART in Japan. Although facilities showed substantial agreement on core principles, their views on specific eligibility and operational criteria varied.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{takahashi2026institutional,
  title = {{Institutional Perspectives on Assisted Reproductive Technology Using Third‐Party Gametes in Japan: A Nationwide Survey of Assisted Reproductive Technology Facilities}},
  author = {Nozomi Takahashi and Miyuki Harada and Hiroshi Koike and Yuma Kawahara and Yasuji Kitabatake and Masayuki Kinutani and Tomoe Koizumi and Maki Suganuma and Norihiro Sugino and Nao Suzuki and Akira Tsujimura and Toshio Hamatani and Naoki Mizunuma and Seiji Wada and Yasushi Hirota and Yutaka Osuga},
  journal = {Reproductive Medicine and Biology},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1002/rmb2.70108},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.70108},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Institutional Perspectives on Assisted Reproductive Technology Using Third‐Party Gametes in Japan: A Nationwide Survey of Assisted Reproductive Technology Facilities
AU  - Nozomi Takahashi
AU  - Miyuki Harada
AU  - Hiroshi Koike
AU  - Yuma Kawahara
AU  - Yasuji Kitabatake
AU  - Masayuki Kinutani
AU  - Tomoe Koizumi
AU  - Maki Suganuma
AU  - Norihiro Sugino
AU  - Nao Suzuki
AU  - Akira Tsujimura
AU  - Toshio Hamatani
AU  - Naoki Mizunuma
AU  - Seiji Wada
AU  - Yasushi Hirota
AU  - Yutaka Osuga
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/03
JO  - Reproductive Medicine and Biology
DO  - 10.1002/rmb2.70108
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.70108
AB  - Objective: To clarify institutional perspectives on assisted reproductive technology (ART) using third‐party gametes.  Methods: We surveyed 634 facilities registered with the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and 416 responses were included in a descriptive analysis.  Results: Psychosocial and economic stability of ART recipient couples were considered necessary in most facilities (94.6%). Japanese nationality and legal marriage were necessary recipient criteria in 36.8% and 54.3% facilities, respectively. Lower and upper age limits for female recipients were 20–25 and 43–45 years, respectively, whereas most male partners had no upper age limit (34.6%–36.6%). The most common upper age limit for oocyte donors was 35 years (67.9%). In contrast, upper age limits for sperm donors were more dispersed, with 40 years being the most common age at response to intrauterine insemination (35.6%) and in vitro fertilization (35.9%). The most accepted indications were hypergonadotropic hypogonadism for oocyte donation (87.5%) and failure to retrieve sperm via micro‐testicular sperm extraction for donor sperm treatment (97.3%). Most facilities considered psychosocial support necessary.  Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive overview of institutional perspectives on third‐party ART in Japan. Although facilities showed substantial agreement on core principles, their views on specific eligibility and operational criteria varied.
SN  - 1445-5781
SN  - 1447-0578
ER  -