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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0The Astrophysical Journal

Ranking Prompt–Plateau Correlations in Gamma-Ray Bursts with Symbolic Regression

  • Fatemeh Rastegarnia1
  • Rahim Moradi1,2
  • Brwa Shukur Ismael2,3
  • Mohsen Asaadi4
  • Yu Wang1,5,6
6 affiliations
  1. 1ICRANet
  2. 2Chinese Academy of Sciences
  3. 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
  4. 4Tsinghua University
  5. 5Sapienza Università di Roma
  6. 6INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo
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Abstract

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) correlations probe central engines, relativistic outflows, and radiation processes. The Dainotti relation is an anticorrelation between the X-ray plateau luminosity L a and rest-frame plateau duration T a rest . We use symbolic regression to compare it with other low-dimensional correlations in 251 GRBs with Swift-XRT plateau properties and Swift-BAT prompt-emission parameters. We perform a Dainotti-guided search, in which log T a rest is always present, and an unrestricted search over subsets of at most three variables. The guided search recovers the Dainotti dependence; a D’Agostini fit gives log L a = ( 51.92 ± 0.30 ) − ( 1.31 ± 0.09 ) log T a rest , with intrinsic scatter σ int = 0.82 ± 0.05 dex. In the unrestricted ranking of 377 feature subsets, the classical Dainotti relation remains competitive, within the top ∼25% of the tested search spaces. The highest-ranked screened expression is log L a ≈ 0.855 log L peak − 0.782 log T a rest , with RMSE ≈ 0.46 and R ² ≈ 0.88. The highest-ranked runs repeatedly reduce to this prompt–plateau structure, without retaining additional spectral, absorption, or afterglow-shape variables. A direct regression gives log L a = 4.718 + 0.776 log L peak − 0.805 log T a rest , with R P = 0.91 for 246 bursts. An errors-in-variables refit gives consistent coefficients. After removing shared luminosity–distance dependence, the relation retains nonnegligible explanatory power ( R ² ≈ 0.62), consistent with a possible intrinsic component. Restricted Monte Carlo null tests give p ≈ 0.01. Plateau luminosity therefore shows a coupled dependence on prompt luminosity and plateau duration.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{rastegarnia2026ranking,
  title = {{Ranking Prompt–Plateau Correlations in Gamma-Ray Bursts with Symbolic Regression}},
  author = {Fatemeh Rastegarnia and Rahim Moradi and Brwa Shukur Ismael and Mohsen Asaadi and Yu Wang},
  journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae9cb7},
  url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9cb7},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Ranking Prompt–Plateau Correlations in Gamma-Ray Bursts with Symbolic Regression
AU  - Fatemeh Rastegarnia
AU  - Rahim Moradi
AU  - Brwa Shukur Ismael
AU  - Mohsen Asaadi
AU  - Yu Wang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/09
JO  - The Astrophysical Journal
DO  - 10.3847/1538-4357/ae9cb7
UR  - https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae9cb7
AB  - Gamma-ray burst (GRB) correlations probe central engines, relativistic outflows, and radiation processes. The Dainotti relation is an anticorrelation between the X-ray plateau luminosity L a and rest-frame plateau duration T a rest . We use symbolic regression to compare it with other low-dimensional correlations in 251 GRBs with Swift-XRT plateau properties and Swift-BAT prompt-emission parameters. We perform a Dainotti-guided search, in which log T a rest is always present, and an unrestricted search over subsets of at most three variables. The guided search recovers the Dainotti dependence; a D’Agostini fit gives log L a = ( 51.92 ± 0.30 ) − ( 1.31 ± 0.09 ) log T a rest , with intrinsic scatter σ int = 0.82 ± 0.05 dex. In the unrestricted ranking of 377 feature subsets, the classical Dainotti relation remains competitive, within the top ∼25% of the tested search spaces. The highest-ranked screened expression is log L a ≈ 0.855 log L peak − 0.782 log T a rest , with RMSE ≈ 0.46 and R ² ≈ 0.88. The highest-ranked runs repeatedly reduce to this prompt–plateau structure, without retaining additional spectral, absorption, or afterglow-shape variables. A direct regression gives log L a = 4.718 + 0.776 log L peak − 0.805 log T a rest , with R P = 0.91 for 246 bursts. An errors-in-variables refit gives consistent coefficients. After removing shared luminosity–distance dependence, the relation retains nonnegligible explanatory power ( R ² ≈ 0.62), consistent with a possible intrinsic component. Restricted Monte Carlo null tests give p ≈ 0.01. Plateau luminosity therefore shows a coupled dependence on prompt luminosity and plateau duration.
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
ER  -