Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance structure among Enterobacterales circulating at the turkey–environment interface in a small-scale poultry production system
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas , ,
- 2One Health Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Privada del Norte , ,
Abstract
Introduction
Antimicrobial resistance is a major One Health challenge affecting human, animal, and environmental health. Poultry production systems may contribute to the maintenance and dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales through interactions among animals and their environment. Conventional analytical approaches may have limited capacity to characterize the complexity of phenotypic resistance profiles. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns and explore resistance clustering among Enterobacterales isolated from turkeys and their production environment in Lima, Peru.Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using Enterobacterales recovered from cloacal swabs and environmental samples collected in a small-scale poultry production system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method; intermediate results were classified as susceptible for analytical purposes. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) combined with k-means clustering was applied to explore the multivariate structure of phenotypic resistance profiles.Results
A total of 50 Enterobacterales isolates were recovered from cloacal swabs (n = 38; 76.0%) and environmental samples (n = 12; 24.0%). Predominant species included Escherichia coli (n = 39; 78.0%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (n = 7; 14.0%) and Citrobacter spp. (n = 4; 8.0%). All isolates were classified as MDR. The most frequent resistance profile included kanamycin, tetracycline, neomycin, cefuroxime, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. One E. coli isolate exhibited resistance to 18 antimicrobials, while a Citrobacter spp. isolate recovered from the environment showed resistance to 17 antimicrobials, including imipenem. MCA revealed a structured distribution of resistance phenotypes, with the first two dimensions explaining 45.3% of the total inertia and identifying three clusters with distinct resistance spectra. One cluster contained all carbapenem-resistant isolates and exhibited the broadest resistance profile.Discussion
These findings highlight the circulation of heterogeneous MDR populations and support surveillance strategies in poultry production environments.
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BibTeX
@article{yauyo2026phenotypic,
title = {{Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance structure among Enterobacterales circulating at the turkey–environment interface in a small-scale poultry production system}},
author = {Alex Yauyo and Alejandra Castro and Brenda Ayzanoa and Marcelo Cardenas and Guillermo Salvatierra},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3389/fvets.2026.1935777},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13717441},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance structure among Enterobacterales circulating at the turkey–environment interface in a small-scale poultry production system
AU - Alex Yauyo
AU - Alejandra Castro
AU - Brenda Ayzanoa
AU - Marcelo Cardenas
AU - Guillermo Salvatierra
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
JO - Frontiers in veterinary science
DO - 10.3389/fvets.2026.1935777
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13717441
AB - Introduction Antimicrobial resistance is a major One Health challenge affecting human, animal, and environmental health. Poultry production systems may contribute to the maintenance and dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales through interactions among animals and their environment. Conventional analytical approaches may have limited capacity to characterize the complexity of phenotypic resistance profiles. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns and explore resistance clustering among Enterobacterales isolated from turkeys and their production environment in Lima, Peru.Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using Enterobacterales recovered from cloacal swabs and environmental samples collected in a small-scale poultry production system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method; intermediate results were classified as susceptible for analytical purposes. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) combined with k-means clustering was applied to explore the multivariate structure of phenotypic resistance profiles.Results A total of 50 Enterobacterales isolates were recovered from cloacal swabs (n = 38; 76.0%) and environmental samples (n = 12; 24.0%). Predominant species included Escherichia coli (n = 39; 78.0%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (n = 7; 14.0%) and Citrobacter spp. (n = 4; 8.0%). All isolates were classified as MDR. The most frequent resistance profile included kanamycin, tetracycline, neomycin, cefuroxime, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. One E. coli isolate exhibited resistance to 18 antimicrobials, while a Citrobacter spp. isolate recovered from the environment showed resistance to 17 antimicrobials, including imipenem. MCA revealed a structured distribution of resistance phenotypes, with the first two dimensions explaining 45.3% of the total inertia and identifying three clusters with distinct resistance spectra. One cluster contained all carbapenem-resistant isolates and exhibited the broadest resistance profile.Discussion These findings highlight the circulation of heterogeneous MDR populations and support surveillance strategies in poultry production environments.
SN - 2297-1769
ER -