Cell-scale confinement reorders bacterial speed rankings
- 1The University of Electro-Communications
Abstract
Which bacterium swims fastest depends on where the race is run. Speeds are usually measured in open liquid, yet many bacteria live in pores, mucus and host passages no wider than a cell. Using a microfluidic device with eight channel widths (0.80-3.00 m) in one field of view, we tracked unlabeled cells of eight species spanning five motility systems. Chamber height, a polymer additive and channel width each reordered the ranking. Vibrio alginolyticus, the fastest in open liquid, slowed to ~4 m/s in 1.25-m channels, whereas Campylobacter jejuni and Bacillus subtilis kept 33-46 m/s. Open liquid speed did not predict robustness to confinement. In two unrelated lineages, host symbionts that pass through narrow passages during colonization, Caballeronia insecticola and Vibrio fischeri, outran their non-symbiotic relatives in the channels, and crossed them with flagella wrapped around the cell body at nearly the speed of unwrapped cells. Where space is tight, the ability to keep moving, not top speed, sets the ranking.
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BibTeX
@misc{shimada2026cellscale,
title = {{Cell-scale confinement reorders bacterial speed rankings}},
author = {Y. Y. Shimada and N. A. Uemura and A. Yoshioka and D. Nakane and T. Kan},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.64898/2026.11.04.764272},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.11.04.764272v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Cell-scale confinement reorders bacterial speed rankings
AU - Y. Y. Shimada
AU - N. A. Uemura
AU - A. Yoshioka
AU - D. Nakane
AU - T. Kan
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/04
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.11.04.764272
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.11.04.764272v1
AB - Which bacterium swims fastest depends on where the race is run. Speeds are usually measured in open liquid, yet many bacteria live in pores, mucus and host passages no wider than a cell. Using a microfluidic device with eight channel widths (0.80-3.00 m) in one field of view, we tracked unlabeled cells of eight species spanning five motility systems. Chamber height, a polymer additive and channel width each reordered the ranking. Vibrio alginolyticus, the fastest in open liquid, slowed to ~4 m/s in 1.25-m channels, whereas Campylobacter jejuni and Bacillus subtilis kept 33-46 m/s. Open liquid speed did not predict robustness to confinement. In two unrelated lineages, host symbionts that pass through narrow passages during colonization, Caballeronia insecticola and Vibrio fischeri, outran their non-symbiotic relatives in the channels, and crossed them with flagella wrapped around the cell body at nearly the speed of unwrapped cells. Where space is tight, the ability to keep moving, not top speed, sets the ranking.
ER -