HIV-1 Infection Alters Post-Transcriptional Processing of HTLV-1 RNA in MT-2 Cells
- 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, , Hefei 230032, China;
- 2State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, , Beijing 100071, China; (S.W.); (J.H.); (Y.L.); (L.J.); (X.W.)
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) gene expression is extensively regulated at the post-transcriptional level, but how human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection affects the processing of HTLV-1 RNA remains unclear. Here, we combined reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) with Oxford Nanopore direct RNA sequencing (ONT DRS) to characterize HTLV-1 RNA levels, alternative splicing, poly(A)-tail length, and RNA modifications in HIV-1-infected MT-2 cells. HIV-1 infection did not significantly alter total HTLV-1 RNA levels but was associated with changes in HTLV-1 RNA processing. D1-A8 splicing became predominant, and the proportion of p21rex transcripts increased from 29.45% to 82.07% of total HTLV-1 transcripts. Poly(A)-tail changes were transcript-specific, with longer tails in env and shorter tails in p21rex, HBZ, and unannotated transcripts. HIV-1 infection also altered N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), 5-methylcytidine (m⁵C), and pseudouridine (Ψ) modifications, with more extensive changes in m⁵C and Ψ than in m⁶A. Demethylation mediated by alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) further supported the assignment of nucleotides 7011, 7357, and 7691 as m⁶A modification sites. Together, these findings demonstrate that HIV-1 infection alters the post-transcriptional regulation of HTLV-1 RNA despite stable total HTLV-1 RNA levels.
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BibTeX
@article{liu2026hiv1,
title = {{HIV-1 Infection Alters Post-Transcriptional Processing of HTLV-1 RNA in MT-2 Cells}},
author = {Haoting Liu and Shuanglong Wei and Jingwan Han and Hanping Li and Yongjian Liu and Lei Jia and Xiaolin Wang and Bohan Zhang and Lin Li},
journal = {Microorganisms},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms14102359},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707466},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - HIV-1 Infection Alters Post-Transcriptional Processing of HTLV-1 RNA in MT-2 Cells
AU - Haoting Liu
AU - Shuanglong Wei
AU - Jingwan Han
AU - Hanping Li
AU - Yongjian Liu
AU - Lei Jia
AU - Xiaolin Wang
AU - Bohan Zhang
AU - Lin Li
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Microorganisms
DO - 10.3390/microorganisms14102359
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707466
AB - Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) gene expression is extensively regulated at the post-transcriptional level, but how human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection affects the processing of HTLV-1 RNA remains unclear. Here, we combined reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) with Oxford Nanopore direct RNA sequencing (ONT DRS) to characterize HTLV-1 RNA levels, alternative splicing, poly(A)-tail length, and RNA modifications in HIV-1-infected MT-2 cells. HIV-1 infection did not significantly alter total HTLV-1 RNA levels but was associated with changes in HTLV-1 RNA processing. D1-A8 splicing became predominant, and the proportion of p21rex transcripts increased from 29.45% to 82.07% of total HTLV-1 transcripts. Poly(A)-tail changes were transcript-specific, with longer tails in env and shorter tails in p21rex, HBZ, and unannotated transcripts. HIV-1 infection also altered N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A), 5-methylcytidine (m⁵C), and pseudouridine (Ψ) modifications, with more extensive changes in m⁵C and Ψ than in m⁶A. Demethylation mediated by alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) further supported the assignment of nucleotides 7011, 7357, and 7691 as m⁶A modification sites. Together, these findings demonstrate that HIV-1 infection alters the post-transcriptional regulation of HTLV-1 RNA despite stable total HTLV-1 RNA levels.
SN - 2076-2607
ER -