Convective Heat Transfer Optimization for Liquid Cooling Plates Driven by Field Synergy and Fractal Geometry
Abstract
The rapid development of liquid-cooled data centers has imposed imperative demands on the performance of liquid cooling plate. The density-based topology optimization (TO) is an effective approach to resolving the growing thermal-hydraulic performance requirements of liquid cooling plate. However, existing TO methods can hardly optimize convective heat transfer directly which is the intrinsic heat transfer mechanism, due to the highly complex and evolving structural topologies, varying flow and temperature fields, making it extremely challenging to explicitly describe the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer area during TO process. A convective heat transfer topology optimization (CTO) method is proposed in this study, where the iteratively evolving heat transfer coefficient is explicitly depicted by the field synergy theory in the thermal objective, and directly described by the velocity and temperature fields without relying on specific geometry. Combined with the explicit depiction of heat transfer area by the fractal geometry theory, a CTO framework is built for a direct optimization of convective heat transfer under both the laminar and turbulent flow conditions. The CTO tends to generate more hierarchical and directional structural topologies in optimization results, which is conducive to reducing low-velocity stagnation zones and improving flow direction in branched channels, achieving enhanced synergy and thermal-hydraulic performance in the optimized liquid cooling plates. Compared with the TO results without incorporation of field synergy theory, the CTO can reduce average temperature rise by 20% while improving the Nusselt number by 15% under laminar flow conditions, and reduce maximum temperature rise by 10.2% and pressure drop by 25% under turbulent flow conditions.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{han2026convective,
title = {{Convective Heat Transfer Optimization for Liquid Cooling Plates Driven by Field Synergy and Fractal Geometry}},
author = {Zixu Han and Peng Zhang},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.12344},
eprint = {2609.12344},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12344},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Convective Heat Transfer Optimization for Liquid Cooling Plates Driven by Field Synergy and Fractal Geometry
AU - Zixu Han
AU - Peng Zhang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/11
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.12344
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12344
AB - The rapid development of liquid-cooled data centers has imposed imperative demands on the performance of liquid cooling plate. The density-based topology optimization (TO) is an effective approach to resolving the growing thermal-hydraulic performance requirements of liquid cooling plate. However, existing TO methods can hardly optimize convective heat transfer directly which is the intrinsic heat transfer mechanism, due to the highly complex and evolving structural topologies, varying flow and temperature fields, making it extremely challenging to explicitly describe the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer area during TO process. A convective heat transfer topology optimization (CTO) method is proposed in this study, where the iteratively evolving heat transfer coefficient is explicitly depicted by the field synergy theory in the thermal objective, and directly described by the velocity and temperature fields without relying on specific geometry. Combined with the explicit depiction of heat transfer area by the fractal geometry theory, a CTO framework is built for a direct optimization of convective heat transfer under both the laminar and turbulent flow conditions. The CTO tends to generate more hierarchical and directional structural topologies in optimization results, which is conducive to reducing low-velocity stagnation zones and improving flow direction in branched channels, achieving enhanced synergy and thermal-hydraulic performance in the optimized liquid cooling plates. Compared with the TO results without incorporation of field synergy theory, the CTO can reduce average temperature rise by 20% while improving the Nusselt number by 15% under laminar flow conditions, and reduce maximum temperature rise by 10.2% and pressure drop by 25% under turbulent flow conditions.
ER -