Asymptotic AEther Misalignment and Universal-Horizon Mechanics
Abstract
Universal horizons trap even arbitrarily fast signals, providing a test of black-hole thermodynamics in theories with a preferred time direction. In Einstein--aether theory, this direction is defined by a dynamical field, the aether, that can remain non-aligned relative to stationary time at infinity. In particular, for asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes, it was so far impossible to recover a first law of black-hole mechanics when such asymptotic tilt of the aether is present. Here, we resolve this issue for an exact family of static, spherically symmetric solutions. Using the covariant phase-space formalism, we identify the asymptotic tilt and the decaying part of the aether field as a boundary source and its conjugate response. Allowing both to vary independently obstructs the definition of an energy that generates time translations. Fixing either quantity, or imposing a relation between them, restores such an energy, while externally varying the boundary data introduces work into the first law. The energies obtained by fixing the source or its response are related by a Legendre transformation. At the universal horizon, heat includes both the metric area contribution and an irreducible aether energy flux. The resulting balance separates work at infinity from horizon heat and explains why the physical temperature cannot generally be inferred from the coefficient of an area variation in the black-hole mass.
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BibTeX
@misc{arata2026asymptotic,
title = {{Asymptotic AEther Misalignment and Universal-Horizon Mechanics}},
author = {Walter Arata and Moustafa Ismail and Stefano Liberati and David Mattingly and Luke Martin and Giulio Neri},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.12559},
eprint = {2610.12559},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.12559},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Asymptotic AEther Misalignment and Universal-Horizon Mechanics
AU - Walter Arata
AU - Moustafa Ismail
AU - Stefano Liberati
AU - David Mattingly
AU - Luke Martin
AU - Giulio Neri
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/08
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.12559
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.12559
AB - Universal horizons trap even arbitrarily fast signals, providing a test of black-hole thermodynamics in theories with a preferred time direction. In Einstein--aether theory, this direction is defined by a dynamical field, the aether, that can remain non-aligned relative to stationary time at infinity. In particular, for asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes, it was so far impossible to recover a first law of black-hole mechanics when such asymptotic tilt of the aether is present. Here, we resolve this issue for an exact family of static, spherically symmetric solutions. Using the covariant phase-space formalism, we identify the asymptotic tilt and the decaying part of the aether field as a boundary source and its conjugate response. Allowing both to vary independently obstructs the definition of an energy that generates time translations. Fixing either quantity, or imposing a relation between them, restores such an energy, while externally varying the boundary data introduces work into the first law. The energies obtained by fixing the source or its response are related by a Legendre transformation. At the universal horizon, heat includes both the metric area contribution and an irreducible aether energy flux. The resulting balance separates work at infinity from horizon heat and explains why the physical temperature cannot generally be inferred from the coefficient of an area variation in the black-hole mass.
ER -