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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Polymers

Room-Temperature Direct Polymerization of Glycerol via Ultrasonication

  • Yan Irawan1,2
  • Yenny Meliana2
  • Muhammad Adiguna Rabbuka2
  • Kasbawati Kasbawati3
  • Efri Mardawati4,5
  • Biqiong Chen6
  • Yeyen Nurhamiyah5,7
  • Misri Gozan1,8
8 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
  2. 2Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency, KST Habibie Serpong, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia
  3. 3Applied Mathematics Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Universitas Hasanuddin, Kota Makassar 90425, Indonesia
  4. 4Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
  5. 5Research Collaboration Center for Biomass and Biorefinery between BRIN and Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
  6. 6School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, UK
  7. 7Research Center of Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor KM 46, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
  8. 8Research Center for Biomass Valorization, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
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Abstract

A study was conducted on the synthesis of glycerol polymerization using ultrasonic (USG) technology. Although ultrasonication has been widely applied in various chemical processes, its role in glycerol polymerization remains insufficiently explored. In this study, polymerization was conducted under initial room-temperature conditions for 150 min using 4 wt% NaOH as a catalyst at an ultrasonic power of 300 W, corresponding to a cumulative energy input of 427,182 J. The process yielded a product with a molecular weight of 697.53 g/mol and a degree of polymerization (DP) of 7.52. FTIR analysis confirmed ether bond formation through characteristic C–O–C stretching bands in the 1033–1210 cm−1 region, while the broad O–H band at 3284 cm−1 indicated the presence of residual hydroxyl groups consistent with hyperbranched architectures. 1H-NMR spectroscopy further verified polymer formation, evidenced by the emergence of a doublet resonance at δ 3.68–3.69 ppm corresponding to ether linkages and the shift of the hydroxyl proton signal from δ 5.11 ppm in glycerol to δ 4.45–4.79 ppm in the polymer. Quantitative analysis using the Fréchet equation yielded a Degree of Branching (DB) of 0.57, characteristic of a well-defined hyperbranched architecture. This high DB ensures a dense periphery of hydroxyl groups, promoting excellent water solubility and versatile functionalization potential.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{irawan2026roomtemperature,
  title = {{Room-Temperature Direct Polymerization of Glycerol via Ultrasonication}},
  author = {Yan Irawan and Yenny Meliana and Muhammad Adiguna Rabbuka and Kasbawati Kasbawati and Efri Mardawati and Biqiong Chen and Yeyen Nurhamiyah and Misri Gozan},
  journal = {Polymers},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3390/polym18212727},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2727},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Room-Temperature Direct Polymerization of Glycerol via Ultrasonication
AU  - Yan Irawan
AU  - Yenny Meliana
AU  - Muhammad Adiguna Rabbuka
AU  - Kasbawati Kasbawati
AU  - Efri Mardawati
AU  - Biqiong Chen
AU  - Yeyen Nurhamiyah
AU  - Misri Gozan
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/03
JO  - Polymers
DO  - 10.3390/polym18212727
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2727
AB  - A study was conducted on the synthesis of glycerol polymerization using ultrasonic (USG) technology. Although ultrasonication has been widely applied in various chemical processes, its role in glycerol polymerization remains insufficiently explored. In this study, polymerization was conducted under initial room-temperature conditions for 150 min using 4 wt% NaOH as a catalyst at an ultrasonic power of 300 W, corresponding to a cumulative energy input of 427,182 J. The process yielded a product with a molecular weight of 697.53 g/mol and a degree of polymerization (DP) of 7.52. FTIR analysis confirmed ether bond formation through characteristic C–O–C stretching bands in the 1033–1210 cm−1 region, while the broad O–H band at 3284 cm−1 indicated the presence of residual hydroxyl groups consistent with hyperbranched architectures. 1H-NMR spectroscopy further verified polymer formation, evidenced by the emergence of a doublet resonance at δ 3.68–3.69 ppm corresponding to ether linkages and the shift of the hydroxyl proton signal from δ 5.11 ppm in glycerol to δ 4.45–4.79 ppm in the polymer. Quantitative analysis using the Fréchet equation yielded a Degree of Branching (DB) of 0.57, characteristic of a well-defined hyperbranched architecture. This high DB ensures a dense periphery of hydroxyl groups, promoting excellent water solubility and versatile functionalization potential.
SN  - 2073-4360
ER  -