Terahertz reflectivity dataset: Reading text on both sides of the page
Abstract
Non-destructively reading text on a sheet of paper with characters on both sides, when those characters might be obscured, unreadable visually, and the paper cannot be turned over, remains an open problem in document analysis. This problem has practical relevance to archival characterisation, fragmentology, and forgery detection. Terahertz (THz) time-of-flight tomography (TOFT) offers the ability to penetrate paper and parchment as well as sensitivity to the composition of inks. However, progress in data-driven THz analysis has been hindered by the absence of publicly available, labelled reference datasets. While a range of historical materials have been employed in manuscripts and printed books, it is favorable to phrase the problem in a way that is accessible to numerous laboratories to develop techniques to extract such texts. In view of this aim, we introduce a curated THz-TOFT dataset comprising raster-scan measurements of four distinct print/writing media (henceforth ink), namely toner, inkjet, iron gall ink, and graphite, deposited on standard copy paper. Samples were prepared from contemporary materials consisting of one sheet of standard copy paper with overlapping test patterns or characters on each side. THz-TOFT data were acquired in reflection mode under controlled, nitrogen-purged conditions, yielding per-pixel time-domain waveforms. Multiple checkerboard-style test patterns are provided per ink type, each covering four ink configuration classes: no ink, ink on the front, back, and on both surfaces. Raw data is distributed as CSV files encoding spatial coordinates, full time-domain waveforms (reflected THz electric field), and manually validated class labels. To demonstrate the suitability of the dataset for machine-learning applications, a convolutional neural network baseline is provided together with a PyTorch-compatible dataloader. This baseline is trained and tested separately for each of the ink datasets, and the predictions on unknown data are qualitatively evaluated to compare the characteristic media properties.
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BibTeX
@article{vadali2026terahertz,
title = {{Terahertz reflectivity dataset: Reading text on both sides of the page}},
author = {Geetika Vadali and Hugo Cherid and Erwan Émile and Haolian Shi and Leor Jacobi and D.S. Citrin and Cédric Pradalier and Alexandre Locquet},
journal = {Data in Brief},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2026.112978},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-05782788v1},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Terahertz reflectivity dataset: Reading text on both sides of the page
AU - Geetika Vadali
AU - Hugo Cherid
AU - Erwan Émile
AU - Haolian Shi
AU - Leor Jacobi
AU - D.S. Citrin
AU - Cédric Pradalier
AU - Alexandre Locquet
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/19
JO - Data in Brief
DO - 10.1016/j.dib.2026.112978
UR - https://hal.science/hal-05782788v1
AB - Non-destructively reading text on a sheet of paper with characters on both sides, when those characters might be obscured, unreadable visually, and the paper cannot be turned over, remains an open problem in document analysis. This problem has practical relevance to archival characterisation, fragmentology, and forgery detection. Terahertz (THz) time-of-flight tomography (TOFT) offers the ability to penetrate paper and parchment as well as sensitivity to the composition of inks. However, progress in data-driven THz analysis has been hindered by the absence of publicly available, labelled reference datasets. While a range of historical materials have been employed in manuscripts and printed books, it is favorable to phrase the problem in a way that is accessible to numerous laboratories to develop techniques to extract such texts. In view of this aim, we introduce a curated THz-TOFT dataset comprising raster-scan measurements of four distinct print/writing media (henceforth ink), namely toner, inkjet, iron gall ink, and graphite, deposited on standard copy paper. Samples were prepared from contemporary materials consisting of one sheet of standard copy paper with overlapping test patterns or characters on each side. THz-TOFT data were acquired in reflection mode under controlled, nitrogen-purged conditions, yielding per-pixel time-domain waveforms. Multiple checkerboard-style test patterns are provided per ink type, each covering four ink configuration classes: no ink, ink on the front, back, and on both surfaces. Raw data is distributed as CSV files encoding spatial coordinates, full time-domain waveforms (reflected THz electric field), and manually validated class labels. To demonstrate the suitability of the dataset for machine-learning applications, a convolutional neural network baseline is provided together with a PyTorch-compatible dataloader. This baseline is trained and tested separately for each of the ink datasets, and the predictions on unknown data are qualitatively evaluated to compare the characteristic media properties.
SN - 2352-3409
ER -