Light-surface coupling in deep azopolymer surface relief diffraction gratings
Abstract
Surface relief gratings (SRGs) are fundamental diffractive elements for optical wavefront control, but in azobenzene-containing polymers their inscription at large modulation depths is limited by growth saturation and profile distortions, which hinder efficient operation at infrared (IR) wavelengths. Here, we develop a quantitative optical modeling framework that combines Fresnel propagation, vectorial focusing, and finite-element electromagnetic simulations to describe how the writing field interacts with the evolving azopolymer surface during holographic inscription. The analysis shows that increasing surface modulation progressively reduces the effective optical driving force for further growth through the combined action of periodicity-dependent pattern reconstruction and relief-induced perturbation of the writing field. Experiments performed on SRGs with different periodicities reveal the same periodicity-dependent saturation trend predicted by the simulations. Within the investigated parameter range, a periodicity of 7.5 μ m provides the best compromise between achievable depth, profile fidelity, and diffraction angle. Under these conditions, we inscribe near-sinusoidal SRGs with modulation depths approaching 3 μ m in a single all-optical step, and, using a stitching strategy, extend the patterned area to 1 mm 2 while preserving modulation-depth uniformity. This enables an azopolymer-based grating operating at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μ m. These results establish a quantitative framework for understanding deep-SRG inscription limits in holographically written azopolymer gratings and provide practical design rules for reconfigurable IR diffractive photonics.
Related
- Accurate Morphology-Related Diffraction Behavior of Light-Induced Surface Relief Gratings on Azopolymers
- Large-Scale Multiplexed Azopolymer Gratings with Engineered Diffraction Behavior
- Quantum photonic treatment of nano-polarization in diffraction gratings
- Programmable surface anisotropy from polarization-driven azopolymer reconfiguration
- Computer-generated holograms for complex surface reliefs on azopolymer films
BibTeX
@article{reda2026lightsurface,
title = {{Light-surface coupling in deep azopolymer surface relief diffraction gratings}},
author = {Francesco Reda and Marcella Salvatore and Sergio Balestrieri and Salvatore Formato and I Komang Januariyasa and Mario Iodice and Fabio Borbone and Marco Piccardo and Stefano Luigi Oscurato},
journal = {Journal of Physics: Photonics},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1088/2515-7647/ae8b64},
url = {https://hal.science/hal-05789703v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Light-surface coupling in deep azopolymer surface relief diffraction gratings
AU - Francesco Reda
AU - Marcella Salvatore
AU - Sergio Balestrieri
AU - Salvatore Formato
AU - I Komang Januariyasa
AU - Mario Iodice
AU - Fabio Borbone
AU - Marco Piccardo
AU - Stefano Luigi Oscurato
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/09
JO - Journal of Physics: Photonics
DO - 10.1088/2515-7647/ae8b64
UR - https://hal.science/hal-05789703v1
AB - Surface relief gratings (SRGs) are fundamental diffractive elements for optical wavefront control, but in azobenzene-containing polymers their inscription at large modulation depths is limited by growth saturation and profile distortions, which hinder efficient operation at infrared (IR) wavelengths. Here, we develop a quantitative optical modeling framework that combines Fresnel propagation, vectorial focusing, and finite-element electromagnetic simulations to describe how the writing field interacts with the evolving azopolymer surface during holographic inscription. The analysis shows that increasing surface modulation progressively reduces the effective optical driving force for further growth through the combined action of periodicity-dependent pattern reconstruction and relief-induced perturbation of the writing field. Experiments performed on SRGs with different periodicities reveal the same periodicity-dependent saturation trend predicted by the simulations. Within the investigated parameter range, a periodicity of 7.5 μ m provides the best compromise between achievable depth, profile fidelity, and diffraction angle. Under these conditions, we inscribe near-sinusoidal SRGs with modulation depths approaching 3 μ m in a single all-optical step, and, using a stitching strategy, extend the patterned area to 1 mm 2 while preserving modulation-depth uniformity. This enables an azopolymer-based grating operating at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μ m. These results establish a quantitative framework for understanding deep-SRG inscription limits in holographically written azopolymer gratings and provide practical design rules for reconfigurable IR diffractive photonics.
SN - 2515-7647
ER -