Interfacial Engineering of Fe3O4/Biochar via CMC Bridging for Durable Lithium/Sodium-Ion Storage
- 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhongyuan Critical Metals Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
Abstract
The development of cost-effective and durable anode materials derived from renewable biomass is essential for practical lithium- and sodium-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs). However, conventional strategies for integrating high-capacity metal oxides with biomass carbon often suffer from weak oxide–carbon adhesion, nanoparticle aggregation, and large volume changes during cycling. To overcome these limitations, we present an interfacial engineering approach in which carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a molecular bridge to anchor Fe3O4 nanoparticles in situ onto ginkgo branch-derived biochar (GBC). The abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of CMC simultaneously guide uniform Fe3O4 nucleation and create a molecular bridge that mediates interfacial chemical interactions that facilitate charge transfer while accommodating volume strain. Structural and compositional analyses confirm the formation of CMC/Fe3O4/GBC with well-dispersed nanocrystals, a hierarchically porous architecture, and magnetic responsiveness. As an anode, CMC/Fe3O4/GBC delivers 256 mAh/g at 2000 mA/g in SIBs, substantially higher than that of bare GBC and unmodified Fe3O4/GBC. Comparable durability is observed in LIBs, where the composite retains 297 mAh/g after 2000 cycles at the same rate. Kinetic studies using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveal that CMC bridging enhances pseudocapacitive contribution and accelerates ion diffusion. Post-cycling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy further confirm the preserved electrode integrity. These results establish a scalable interfacial modification strategy for biomass-derived magnetic composites toward durable alkali-ion storage.
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BibTeX
@article{li2026interfacial,
title = {{Interfacial Engineering of Fe3O4/Biochar via CMC Bridging for Durable Lithium/Sodium-Ion Storage}},
author = {Huijuan Li and Zihan Yang and Chenyi Jia and Zixin Li and Huicong Xia},
journal = {Molecules},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/molecules31203749},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3749},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Interfacial Engineering of Fe3O4/Biochar via CMC Bridging for Durable Lithium/Sodium-Ion Storage
AU - Huijuan Li
AU - Zihan Yang
AU - Chenyi Jia
AU - Zixin Li
AU - Huicong Xia
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/19
JO - Molecules
DO - 10.3390/molecules31203749
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3749
AB - The development of cost-effective and durable anode materials derived from renewable biomass is essential for practical lithium- and sodium-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs). However, conventional strategies for integrating high-capacity metal oxides with biomass carbon often suffer from weak oxide–carbon adhesion, nanoparticle aggregation, and large volume changes during cycling. To overcome these limitations, we present an interfacial engineering approach in which carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) serves as a molecular bridge to anchor Fe3O4 nanoparticles in situ onto ginkgo branch-derived biochar (GBC). The abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of CMC simultaneously guide uniform Fe3O4 nucleation and create a molecular bridge that mediates interfacial chemical interactions that facilitate charge transfer while accommodating volume strain. Structural and compositional analyses confirm the formation of CMC/Fe3O4/GBC with well-dispersed nanocrystals, a hierarchically porous architecture, and magnetic responsiveness. As an anode, CMC/Fe3O4/GBC delivers 256 mAh/g at 2000 mA/g in SIBs, substantially higher than that of bare GBC and unmodified Fe3O4/GBC. Comparable durability is observed in LIBs, where the composite retains 297 mAh/g after 2000 cycles at the same rate. Kinetic studies using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveal that CMC bridging enhances pseudocapacitive contribution and accelerates ion diffusion. Post-cycling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy further confirm the preserved electrode integrity. These results establish a scalable interfacial modification strategy for biomass-derived magnetic composites toward durable alkali-ion storage.
SN - 1420-3049
ER -