Clinical Outcomes and Hospital Resource Utilization Among Patients with Sepsis and COVID-19 Infection: Insights from the United States National Inpatient Sample Analysis, 2020-2022.
8 affiliations
- 1Department of Medicine, Woodhull Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11206, USA.
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- 3Department of Medicine, Stamford Hospital, Stamford, CT 06902, USA.
- 4Department of Medicine, Southcoast Health, New Bedford, MA 02740, USA.
- 5Department of Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore 560041, India.
- 6Department of Medicine, Hospital Sisters Health System Medical Group, Springfield, IL 62711, USA.
- 7Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
- 8Department of Neurology, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA.
Abstract
Background/objectives
Clinical studies have shown that patients who had sepsis with COVID-19 infection had worse clinical outcomes; however, there is a paucity of data on the association between concurrent COVID-19 infection and outcomes among patients with sepsis. Hence, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2020 through 2022 to evaluate the association between concurrent COVID-19 infection and outcomes among patients with sepsis.Methods
Adult hospitalizations with sepsis were identified using ICD-10-CM codes; hospitalizations with septic shock were excluded, and the remaining cohort was stratified by concurrent COVID-19 infection status. Survey-weighted multivariate regression analysis was performed.Results
Patients with sepsis with concurrent COVID-19 infection had worse outcomes with higher mortality rate (15.6% vs. 5.4%; aOR 3.70; 95% CI 3.62-3.79), higher need for invasive ventilation (13.1% vs. 6.5%) and NIV (non-invasive ventilation) (10.2% vs. 4.9%), higher incidence of acute kidney injury (37.6% vs. 36.7%), acute respiratory failure (57.5% vs. 20.3%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (0.4% vs. 0.3%), cardiac arrest (3.1% vs. 1.5%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (7.9% vs. 0.4%), higher need for renal replacement therapy (4.9% vs. 4.5%), tracheostomy (1.6% vs. 0.6%), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (0.2% vs. 0.04%), longer length of hospital stay (10.3 days vs. 7.6 days), and higher total charges ($127,632 vs. $93,735, respectively).Conclusions
The results demonstrate that COVID-19 infection was independently associated with worse clinical outcomes among those hospitalized with sepsis. These results underscore the need for early recognition, aggressive treatment, and targeted therapy in this high-risk clinical group.
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BibTeX
@article{arumairaj2026clinical,
title = {{Clinical Outcomes and Hospital Resource Utilization Among Patients with Sepsis and COVID-19 Infection: Insights from the United States National Inpatient Sample Analysis, 2020-2022.}},
author = {Antony Arumairaj and Dili Dhanani and Fatema Ali Asgar Tashrifwala and Anuradha Shunmugam Veluswamy and Aniroodh Venugopalan and Radhika Annam and Poojaben Dhorajiya and Vimala Sravanthi Vajjala},
journal = {Infectious disease reports},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/idr18050118},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930509},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Clinical Outcomes and Hospital Resource Utilization Among Patients with Sepsis and COVID-19 Infection: Insights from the United States National Inpatient Sample Analysis, 2020-2022.
AU - Antony Arumairaj
AU - Dili Dhanani
AU - Fatema Ali Asgar Tashrifwala
AU - Anuradha Shunmugam Veluswamy
AU - Aniroodh Venugopalan
AU - Radhika Annam
AU - Poojaben Dhorajiya
AU - Vimala Sravanthi Vajjala
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/10
JO - Infectious disease reports
DO - 10.3390/idr18050118
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930509
AB - Background/objectives Clinical studies have shown that patients who had sepsis with COVID-19 infection had worse clinical outcomes; however, there is a paucity of data on the association between concurrent COVID-19 infection and outcomes among patients with sepsis. Hence, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2020 through 2022 to evaluate the association between concurrent COVID-19 infection and outcomes among patients with sepsis.Methods Adult hospitalizations with sepsis were identified using ICD-10-CM codes; hospitalizations with septic shock were excluded, and the remaining cohort was stratified by concurrent COVID-19 infection status. Survey-weighted multivariate regression analysis was performed.Results Patients with sepsis with concurrent COVID-19 infection had worse outcomes with higher mortality rate (15.6% vs. 5.4%; aOR 3.70; 95% CI 3.62-3.79), higher need for invasive ventilation (13.1% vs. 6.5%) and NIV (non-invasive ventilation) (10.2% vs. 4.9%), higher incidence of acute kidney injury (37.6% vs. 36.7%), acute respiratory failure (57.5% vs. 20.3%), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (0.4% vs. 0.3%), cardiac arrest (3.1% vs. 1.5%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (7.9% vs. 0.4%), higher need for renal replacement therapy (4.9% vs. 4.5%), tracheostomy (1.6% vs. 0.6%), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (0.2% vs. 0.04%), longer length of hospital stay (10.3 days vs. 7.6 days), and higher total charges ($127,632 vs. $93,735, respectively).Conclusions The results demonstrate that COVID-19 infection was independently associated with worse clinical outcomes among those hospitalized with sepsis. These results underscore the need for early recognition, aggressive treatment, and targeted therapy in this high-risk clinical group.
SN - 2036-7430
SN - 2036-7449
ER -