Recoverable Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TMC magnetic sorbent for efficient Congo red removal: performance and adsorption mechanism.
- 1Dr. K. C. Patel R & D Centre, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) 388 421 Anand Gujrat India [email protected].
- 2P D Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT) 388 421 Anand Gujrat India.
- 3Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University 388 120 Vallabh Vidyanagar Anand Gujrat India.
Abstract
The increasing discharge of dye-laden wastewater necessitates the development of efficient and easily recoverable adsorbents. In this study, a trimesoyl chloride (TMC) functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ magnetic sorbent was synthesized via a sol-gel route for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous media. Dynamic light scattering indicated a uniform particle size distribution (∼130-140 nm). FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of -COOH, -OH, and aromatic moieties, enabling multi-modal interactions including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, π-π stacking, and coordination with CR molecules. Structural and surface properties were further validated by XRD, FE-SEM, and zeta potential analyses. Operational parameters (initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) were systematically optimized, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 4614.62 (pH = 5, dosage = 2 mg) for CR dye. Kinetic modeling revealed an excellent fit to the Bangham model (R ² = 0.999), which yielded a calculated equilibrium adsorption capacity of 231.95 mg g⁻¹, closely matching the experimental value of 233.85 mg g⁻¹ and indicating a substantial contribution of pore diffusion. Isotherm analysis suggested multistage adsorption behavior. The Jovanović model provided a reasonable fit (R ² = 0.960) and a q m value of 4100 mg g⁻¹, which was relatively close to the experimental adsorption capacity of 4614.61 mg g⁻¹. The Koble-Corrigan model provided the best fit to the equilibrium data (R ² = 0.995), suggesting the contribution of heterogeneous adsorption sites. Reusability tests demonstrated that the magnetic adsorbent retained ∼80% of its initial removal efficiency after 4 consecutive cycles, confirming its practical applicability and facile separation. Overall, the Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TMC system presents a robust and magnetically recoverable platform for efficient dye remediation, offering a promising approach for future studies and wastewater treatment.
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BibTeX
@article{patel2026recoverable,
title = {{Recoverable Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TMC magnetic sorbent for efficient Congo red removal: performance and adsorption mechanism.}},
author = {Dhruvi Patel and Elias Mosaffa and Sunil H Chaki and Atanu Banerjee},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra05480c},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42835717},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Recoverable Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TMC magnetic sorbent for efficient Congo red removal: performance and adsorption mechanism.
AU - Dhruvi Patel
AU - Elias Mosaffa
AU - Sunil H Chaki
AU - Atanu Banerjee
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/05
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra05480c
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42835717
AB - The increasing discharge of dye-laden wastewater necessitates the development of efficient and easily recoverable adsorbents. In this study, a trimesoyl chloride (TMC) functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ magnetic sorbent was synthesized via a sol-gel route for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous media. Dynamic light scattering indicated a uniform particle size distribution (∼130-140 nm). FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of -COOH, -OH, and aromatic moieties, enabling multi-modal interactions including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, π-π stacking, and coordination with CR molecules. Structural and surface properties were further validated by XRD, FE-SEM, and zeta potential analyses. Operational parameters (initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) were systematically optimized, with the maximum adsorption capacity of 4614.62 (pH = 5, dosage = 2 mg) for CR dye. Kinetic modeling revealed an excellent fit to the Bangham model (R ² = 0.999), which yielded a calculated equilibrium adsorption capacity of 231.95 mg g⁻¹, closely matching the experimental value of 233.85 mg g⁻¹ and indicating a substantial contribution of pore diffusion. Isotherm analysis suggested multistage adsorption behavior. The Jovanović model provided a reasonable fit (R ² = 0.960) and a q m value of 4100 mg g⁻¹, which was relatively close to the experimental adsorption capacity of 4614.61 mg g⁻¹. The Koble-Corrigan model provided the best fit to the equilibrium data (R ² = 0.995), suggesting the contribution of heterogeneous adsorption sites. Reusability tests demonstrated that the magnetic adsorbent retained ∼80% of its initial removal efficiency after 4 consecutive cycles, confirming its practical applicability and facile separation. Overall, the Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@TMC system presents a robust and magnetically recoverable platform for efficient dye remediation, offering a promising approach for future studies and wastewater treatment.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -