E2C2AKA: enhanced ECC-based authentication and key agreement for securing communication in electric vehicle charging systems
4 affiliations
- 1Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Quanzhou Normal University
- 2Qunli Primary School in Quanzhou Taiwan Investment Zone
- 3School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University
- 4Faculty of Educational Science, Quanzhou Normal University
Abstract
As a critical infrastructure for new energy vehicles, the Electric Vehicle Charging System (EVCS) is gradually integrating into household daily usage scenarios, leveraging its environmental and economic advantages. For securely enabling the charging service from EVCS, the technology of authentication and key agreement (AKA) can ensure that only legal entities can access the charging data without charging accident resulted from the malicious attacker. To our knowledge, existing related state-of-the-art (SOTA) AKA schemes entails extensive parameter computation prior to verification, not only results in an inevitable susceptibility to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks but also prolong authentication procedure in the EVCS and lead to diminished charging efficiency. To illustrate this deficiency more concretely, existing schemes typically require the verifier to perform multiple expensive cryptographic operations (such as scalar multiplications) before determining a request’s legitimacy. An attacker can exploit this by flooding the verifier with forged requests, forcing it to expend computational resources on each one. In contrast, our proposed E2C2AKA protocol, by embedding a pre-shared secret, enables the verifier to first perform a lightweight hash-based verification. Only after a packet is validated as legitimate does the protocol proceed to the more expensive ECC operations, thereby effectively neutralizing DoS threats. To address these issues, this study, based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), designs a robust E2C2AKA protocol. Security analysis and performance analysis demonstrate that compared to SOTA, the designed E2C2AKA holds more robustness in security and streamlines AKA procedure in efficiency and so can be a good candidate for securing charging service in EVCS.
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BibTeX
@article{liu2026e2c2aka,
title = {{E2C2AKA: enhanced ECC-based authentication and key agreement for securing communication in electric vehicle charging systems}},
author = {Wentao Liu and Runchen Cai and Wenting Liu and Jiehang Li and Sikai Yin and Degen Li and Songya Xu and Xianxian Luo and Jianbing Xiahou},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-57732-7},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-57732-7},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - E2C2AKA: enhanced ECC-based authentication and key agreement for securing communication in electric vehicle charging systems
AU - Wentao Liu
AU - Runchen Cai
AU - Wenting Liu
AU - Jiehang Li
AU - Sikai Yin
AU - Degen Li
AU - Songya Xu
AU - Xianxian Luo
AU - Jianbing Xiahou
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/01
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-57732-7
UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-57732-7
AB - As a critical infrastructure for new energy vehicles, the Electric Vehicle Charging System (EVCS) is gradually integrating into household daily usage scenarios, leveraging its environmental and economic advantages. For securely enabling the charging service from EVCS, the technology of authentication and key agreement (AKA) can ensure that only legal entities can access the charging data without charging accident resulted from the malicious attacker. To our knowledge, existing related state-of-the-art (SOTA) AKA schemes entails extensive parameter computation prior to verification, not only results in an inevitable susceptibility to Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks but also prolong authentication procedure in the EVCS and lead to diminished charging efficiency. To illustrate this deficiency more concretely, existing schemes typically require the verifier to perform multiple expensive cryptographic operations (such as scalar multiplications) before determining a request’s legitimacy. An attacker can exploit this by flooding the verifier with forged requests, forcing it to expend computational resources on each one. In contrast, our proposed E2C2AKA protocol, by embedding a pre-shared secret, enables the verifier to first perform a lightweight hash-based verification. Only after a packet is validated as legitimate does the protocol proceed to the more expensive ECC operations, thereby effectively neutralizing DoS threats. To address these issues, this study, based on elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), designs a robust E2C2AKA protocol. Security analysis and performance analysis demonstrate that compared to SOTA, the designed E2C2AKA holds more robustness in security and streamlines AKA procedure in efficiency and so can be a good candidate for securing charging service in EVCS.
SN - 2045-2322
ER -