Constraints on the Intranight Optical Variability of Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Candidates
Abstract
Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) provide a unique regime for studying accretion variability at the low-mass end of the black hole population, yet their intranight optical variability (INOV) remains poorly constrained. We present a systematic investigation of INOV in an optically selected sample of IMBH candidates using high-cadence observations from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). From a parent sample of 1,447 broad Hα-selected candidates, we identify 64 IMBH candidates (median fAGN∼0.06) with 163 intranight monitoring sessions. Apparent INOV signals identified by conventional ZTF PSF-fit photometry are largely associated with seeing-dependent changes in the relative contributions of compact nuclear and extended host components, which can mimic intrinsic short-timescale variability. In contrast, no robust INOV is detected with difference-image analysis. An ensemble structure function spanning Δt∼0.003--$1600$ days reveals long-term variability in a small subsample of sources, whereas intrinsic variability remains unresolved at intranight timescales. Monte Carlo simulations further show that ZTF-like single-night monitoring has a low INOV recovery probability (∼1.2%) for the variability amplitudes inferred from the long-term analysis. The recovery probability is primarily controlled by source brightness, AGN contribution, intrinsic variability amplitude, and photometric precision. These results demonstrate that the absence of detected INOV does not imply the absence of rapid accretion variability, but can reflect the limited detectability of low-amplitude signals under current observing capabilities. Our findings highlight the importance of robust photometric methodologies for future high-cadence variability studies of low-mass accreting black holes.
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BibTeX
@misc{zuo2026constraints,
title = {{Constraints on the Intranight Optical Variability of Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Candidates}},
author = {Wenwen Zuo and Hengxiao Guo and Wanling Liu and Wenke Ren and Jingbo Sun and Patricia Arévalo and Luis C. Ho and Alok C. Gupta and Vineet Ojha and Mouyuan Sun and Shuangliang Li and Haicheng Feng and Qi Yuan and Minfeng Gu and Xuebing Wu},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.02181},
eprint = {2609.02181},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02181},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Constraints on the Intranight Optical Variability of Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Candidates
AU - Wenwen Zuo
AU - Hengxiao Guo
AU - Wanling Liu
AU - Wenke Ren
AU - Jingbo Sun
AU - Patricia Arévalo
AU - Luis C. Ho
AU - Alok C. Gupta
AU - Vineet Ojha
AU - Mouyuan Sun
AU - Shuangliang Li
AU - Haicheng Feng
AU - Qi Yuan
AU - Minfeng Gu
AU - Xuebing Wu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/02
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.02181
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02181
AB - Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) provide a unique regime for studying accretion variability at the low-mass end of the black hole population, yet their intranight optical variability (INOV) remains poorly constrained. We present a systematic investigation of INOV in an optically selected sample of IMBH candidates using high-cadence observations from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). From a parent sample of 1,447 broad Hα-selected candidates, we identify 64 IMBH candidates (median f_AGN∼0.06) with 163 intranight monitoring sessions. Apparent INOV signals identified by conventional ZTF PSF-fit photometry are largely associated with seeing-dependent changes in the relative contributions of compact nuclear and extended host components, which can mimic intrinsic short-timescale variability. In contrast, no robust INOV is detected with difference-image analysis. An ensemble structure function spanning Δt∼0.003--$1600$ days reveals long-term variability in a small subsample of sources, whereas intrinsic variability remains unresolved at intranight timescales. Monte Carlo simulations further show that ZTF-like single-night monitoring has a low INOV recovery probability (∼1.2%) for the variability amplitudes inferred from the long-term analysis. The recovery probability is primarily controlled by source brightness, AGN contribution, intrinsic variability amplitude, and photometric precision. These results demonstrate that the absence of detected INOV does not imply the absence of rapid accretion variability, but can reflect the limited detectability of low-amplitude signals under current observing capabilities. Our findings highlight the importance of robust photometric methodologies for future high-cadence variability studies of low-mass accreting black holes.
ER -