Diabetes Mellitus: Review of the Common, Rare, and Uncommon (Conceptual and Metaphorical) Types
- 1Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego Str. 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a complex heterogeneous group of chronic metabolic disorders that affect various organ systems, resulting in a number of complications, including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, immune dysfunction, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cancer. Uncontrolled DM may also lead to a coma and confusion, and if untreated, death due to ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. In 2019, DM was directly responsible for 1.5 million deaths, with an additional 460,000 due to kidney disease, as well as about 20% of cardiovascular-associated deaths. In addition to the well-known types—viz. type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)—several other rare conceptual/metaphoric forms have been described, although they are not regarded as formal diagnoses. The aim of this review is to present the various types of DM and summarize their characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis, pathophysiology, risk factors, management, and therapy.
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BibTeX
@article{pliszka2026diabetes,
title = {{Diabetes Mellitus: Review of the Common, Rare, and Uncommon (Conceptual and Metaphorical) Types}},
author = {Monika Pliszka and Leszek Szablewski},
journal = {International Journal of Molecular Sciences},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/ijms27219611},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9611},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Diabetes Mellitus: Review of the Common, Rare, and Uncommon (Conceptual and Metaphorical) Types
AU - Monika Pliszka
AU - Leszek Szablewski
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
JO - International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DO - 10.3390/ijms27219611
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9611
AB - Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a complex heterogeneous group of chronic metabolic disorders that affect various organ systems, resulting in a number of complications, including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, immune dysfunction, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cancer. Uncontrolled DM may also lead to a coma and confusion, and if untreated, death due to ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. In 2019, DM was directly responsible for 1.5 million deaths, with an additional 460,000 due to kidney disease, as well as about 20% of cardiovascular-associated deaths. In addition to the well-known types—viz. type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)—several other rare conceptual/metaphoric forms have been described, although they are not regarded as formal diagnoses. The aim of this review is to present the various types of DM and summarize their characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis, pathophysiology, risk factors, management, and therapy.
SN - 1422-0067
ER -