An exploratory factor analysis of Telugu versions of the WHO well-being index, the UCLA-loneliness scale and the perceived criticism scale in caregivers of schizophrenia patients
Abstract
Background: The lack of locally validated instruments hinders proper evaluation and management of caregiver burden. Aim: To perform an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of Telugu-translated scales assessing psychological factors related to caregiver burden. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at three sites: Among 100 caregivers of schizophrenia patients using Telugu-translated versions of the WHO Well-being Index (WHO WBI), the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS), and the Perceived Criticism Scale (PCS). EFA was used to identify the factor structure. Results: Principal component analysis revealed that the items of the scales- WHO-WBI, ULS, and PCS were significantly loaded on one factor each, with eigenvalues of 3.810, 2.504, and 2.105, respectively, and the substantive factors represent “mood”, “loneliness”, and “criticism”, respectively. Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.9 for WHO-WBI and ULS, and 0.78 for PCS, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency. Conclusion: Telugu versions of WHO-WBI, ULS, and PCS hold fair-to-good structural validity and internal consistency.
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BibTeX
@article{lakshmi2026exploratory,
title = {{An exploratory factor analysis of Telugu versions of the WHO well-being index, the UCLA-loneliness scale and the perceived criticism scale in caregivers of schizophrenia patients}},
author = {Lakshmi S and Mamidipalli S. Spoorthy and Barikar C. Malathesh and Sangha M. Godi and Raj K. Donthu and Vullanki S. Sreeja and Sandeep Grover and Sai K. Tikka},
journal = {Indian Journal of Psychiatry},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.4103/indianjpsychiatry_273_26},
url = {https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry_273_26},
note = {CC BY-NC-SA},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - An exploratory factor analysis of Telugu versions of the WHO well-being index, the UCLA-loneliness scale and the perceived criticism scale in caregivers of schizophrenia patients
AU - Lakshmi S
AU - Mamidipalli S. Spoorthy
AU - Barikar C. Malathesh
AU - Sangha M. Godi
AU - Raj K. Donthu
AU - Vullanki S. Sreeja
AU - Sandeep Grover
AU - Sai K. Tikka
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/01
JO - Indian Journal of Psychiatry
DO - 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry_273_26
UR - https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry_273_26
AB - Background: The lack of locally validated instruments hinders proper evaluation and management of caregiver burden. Aim: To perform an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of Telugu-translated scales assessing psychological factors related to caregiver burden. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at three sites: Among 100 caregivers of schizophrenia patients using Telugu-translated versions of the WHO Well-being Index (WHO WBI), the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS), and the Perceived Criticism Scale (PCS). EFA was used to identify the factor structure. Results: Principal component analysis revealed that the items of the scales- WHO-WBI, ULS, and PCS were significantly loaded on one factor each, with eigenvalues of 3.810, 2.504, and 2.105, respectively, and the substantive factors represent “mood”, “loneliness”, and “criticism”, respectively. Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.9 for WHO-WBI and ULS, and 0.78 for PCS, indicating an acceptable level of internal consistency. Conclusion: Telugu versions of WHO-WBI, ULS, and PCS hold fair-to-good structural validity and internal consistency.
SN - 0019-5545
SN - 1998-3794
ER -