A physical and universal model of bosonic computations with Solovay-Kitaev theorem
Abstract
Bosonic quantum systems are among the leading architectures for quantum information processing, offering continuous-variable degrees of freedom with strong error-correction capabilities. However, standard bosonic quantum computation models such as the Lloyd-Braunstein [Lloyd and Braunstein, 1999] and hybrid oscillator-qubit models [Brenner, Dias, and Koenig, 2025; Liu et al., 2026] permit dramatic energy growth, leading to unphysical computational power and the breakdown of fundamental algorithmic tools such as universal and efficient compilation [Brenner et al., 2026; Rudolph et al., 2025]. To address this, we introduce a new model of bosonic quantum computation, Bosonic Energy-Preserving Quantum Computation (BEQC), in which energy is treated as a computational resource. Namely, energy is supplied solely through input coherent states, and all gates are generated by energy-preserving Hamiltonians. Thus, by construction, dramatic energy growth is impossible, making the model physically grounded. We next show that BEQC is a computationally robust and universal model in many respects, including: (1. Computational power) BEQC efficiently simulates all polynomial-energy computations in existing models, and exactly recovers BQP in the polynomial energy setting. It further admits several complexity-theoretic upper bounds when varying the energy, precision, and space parameters of the model. (2. Universal gate sets and state synthesis) BEQC has natural universal gate sets based on linear optics and Kerr interactions. In particular, we obtain a Solovay-Kitaev theorem which circumvents previous no-go results. We give various applications, including (a) a protocol for engineering GKP states with rigorous preparation guarantees, (b) Fock state preparation to exponential precision, and (c) native Fock space simulation of any qubit-based unitary.
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BibTeX
@misc{rudolph2026physical,
title = {{A physical and universal model of bosonic computations with Solovay-Kitaev theorem}},
author = {Dorian Rudolph and Arsalan Motamedi and Dhruva Sambrani and Hamid Reza Naeij and Ulysse Chabaud and Sevag Gharibian and Saeed Mehraban},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.40226},
eprint = {2609.40226},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.40226},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - A physical and universal model of bosonic computations with Solovay-Kitaev theorem
AU - Dorian Rudolph
AU - Arsalan Motamedi
AU - Dhruva Sambrani
AU - Hamid Reza Naeij
AU - Ulysse Chabaud
AU - Sevag Gharibian
AU - Saeed Mehraban
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.40226
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.40226
AB - Bosonic quantum systems are among the leading architectures for quantum information processing, offering continuous-variable degrees of freedom with strong error-correction capabilities. However, standard bosonic quantum computation models such as the Lloyd-Braunstein [Lloyd and Braunstein, 1999] and hybrid oscillator-qubit models [Brenner, Dias, and Koenig, 2025; Liu et al., 2026] permit dramatic energy growth, leading to unphysical computational power and the breakdown of fundamental algorithmic tools such as universal and efficient compilation [Brenner et al., 2026; Rudolph et al., 2025]. To address this, we introduce a new model of bosonic quantum computation, Bosonic Energy-Preserving Quantum Computation (BEQC), in which energy is treated as a computational resource. Namely, energy is supplied solely through input coherent states, and all gates are generated by energy-preserving Hamiltonians. Thus, by construction, dramatic energy growth is impossible, making the model physically grounded. We next show that BEQC is a computationally robust and universal model in many respects, including: (1. Computational power) BEQC efficiently simulates all polynomial-energy computations in existing models, and exactly recovers BQP in the polynomial energy setting. It further admits several complexity-theoretic upper bounds when varying the energy, precision, and space parameters of the model. (2. Universal gate sets and state synthesis) BEQC has natural universal gate sets based on linear optics and Kerr interactions. In particular, we obtain a Solovay-Kitaev theorem which circumvents previous no-go results. We give various applications, including (a) a protocol for engineering GKP states with rigorous preparation guarantees, (b) Fock state preparation to exponential precision, and (c) native Fock space simulation of any qubit-based unitary.
ER -