Clinical and Metabolic Predictors of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
7 affiliations
- 1Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kettering General Hospital, Kettering, GBR.
- 2Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta, PAK.
- 3Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Unit One, Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences, Quetta, PAK.
- 4Internal Medicine, Al-Aleem Medical College, Lahore, PAK.
- 5Medicine, Tertiary Care Hospital Nishtar-II, Multan, PAK.
- 6Medicine, Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, Multan, PAK.
- 7Research, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore, PAK.
Abstract
Background
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) may be associated with metabolic and endocrine dysfunction in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but factors associated with newly documented AUB in this population remain incompletely characterized.Objective
To evaluate clinical and metabolic factors associated with incident AUB among premenopausal women with T2DM.Methods
This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 150 women aged 18-55 years with established T2DM and no documented AUB at baseline. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables were obtained from records between January 2025 and January 2026. Incident AUB was defined according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criteria. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with study center included in the multivariable model.Results
During a median follow-up of 9.2 months, 45 women (30.0%) developed AUB. Women with incident AUB had higher HbA1c (8.8% vs 7.9%; p < 0.001), higher BMI (31.7 vs 28.9 kg/m²; p = 0.002), and longer diabetes duration (9.3 vs 7.1 years; p = 0.010). In multivariable analysis, HbA1c (aHR: 1.48 per 1% increase, 95% CI: 1.19-1.84), BMI (aHR: 1.41 per 5 kg/m² increase, 95% CI: 1.07-1.86), diabetes duration (aHR: 1.29 per five years, 95% CI: 1.01-1.65), and documented PCOS (aHR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.04-3.55) were independently associated with incident AUB. Women with concurrent obesity and HbA1c ≥8.5% had the highest observed adjusted hazard (aHR: 3.68, 95% CI: 1.65-8.23).Conclusion
Higher HbA1c and greater adiposity were consistently associated with incident AUB among women with T2DM. Routine assessment of menstrual symptoms may help identify women who warrant timely gynecological evaluation. These observational findings require confirmation in larger prospective studies.
Related
- Diagnostic Yield of Endometrial Sampling by Age in Premenopausal Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study
- Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is not a single clinical entity: different clinical causes are associated with distinct cellular and molecular endometrial characteristics
- Magnitude of Thyroid Disorders in Patients with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
- Hypothyroidism Versus Hyperthyroidism in Patients With Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: An Observational Study
- Prevalence and Pattern of Thyroid Dysfunction Among Women of Reproductive Age With Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Prospective Observational Study
BibTeX
@article{bhutta2026clinical,
title = {{Clinical and Metabolic Predictors of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.}},
author = {Ayisha Ejaz Bhutta and Zubia Bugti and Rizwana Naz and Mamoona Shuja and Muhammad Shahid Nawaz Khan and Shoaib Liaquat and Amina Shahid},
journal = {Cureus},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.7759/cureus.116527},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42899079},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Clinical and Metabolic Predictors of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
AU - Ayisha Ejaz Bhutta
AU - Zubia Bugti
AU - Rizwana Naz
AU - Mamoona Shuja
AU - Muhammad Shahid Nawaz Khan
AU - Shoaib Liaquat
AU - Amina Shahid
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/19
JO - Cureus
DO - 10.7759/cureus.116527
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42899079
AB - Background Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) may be associated with metabolic and endocrine dysfunction in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but factors associated with newly documented AUB in this population remain incompletely characterized.Objective To evaluate clinical and metabolic factors associated with incident AUB among premenopausal women with T2DM.Methods This multicenter retrospective cohort study included 150 women aged 18-55 years with established T2DM and no documented AUB at baseline. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables were obtained from records between January 2025 and January 2026. Incident AUB was defined according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criteria. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with study center included in the multivariable model.Results During a median follow-up of 9.2 months, 45 women (30.0%) developed AUB. Women with incident AUB had higher HbA1c (8.8% vs 7.9%; p < 0.001), higher BMI (31.7 vs 28.9 kg/m²; p = 0.002), and longer diabetes duration (9.3 vs 7.1 years; p = 0.010). In multivariable analysis, HbA1c (aHR: 1.48 per 1% increase, 95% CI: 1.19-1.84), BMI (aHR: 1.41 per 5 kg/m² increase, 95% CI: 1.07-1.86), diabetes duration (aHR: 1.29 per five years, 95% CI: 1.01-1.65), and documented PCOS (aHR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.04-3.55) were independently associated with incident AUB. Women with concurrent obesity and HbA1c ≥8.5% had the highest observed adjusted hazard (aHR: 3.68, 95% CI: 1.65-8.23).Conclusion Higher HbA1c and greater adiposity were consistently associated with incident AUB among women with T2DM. Routine assessment of menstrual symptoms may help identify women who warrant timely gynecological evaluation. These observational findings require confirmation in larger prospective studies.
SN - 2168-8184
ER -