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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0PLOS One

Effects of basic and dual-task training programs on physical function in Parkinson’s disease: The PARKEX study

  • Juan Carlos Magaña1
  • Silvia Enríquez-Calzada2
  • Roger Prat3
  • Cláudia M. Deus4
  • Susana P. Pereira5
  • Mercè Avellanet6
  • Elvira Gea7
  • Ariadna Laguna8
  • Marta Martinez-Vicente9
  • Ona Perez-Larumbe10
  • Maria Giné-Garriga11
  • Jorge Hernández-Vara12
1 more authors
  • Joel Montane
12 affiliations
  1. 1Universitat Ramon Llull, Facultat de Psicologia, Ciències de l’Educació i de l’Esport Blanquerna, Barcelona, Spain
  2. 2Grup de Malalties Neurodegeneratives de la Vall d’Hebron. Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
  3. 3MIA-Portugal, Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  4. 4CIBB, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
  5. 5UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
  6. 6Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
  7. 7Hospital Nostra Senyora de Meritxell, Escaldes-Engordany, Andorra
  8. 8Universitat d’Andorra, Sant Julià de Lòria, Andorra
  9. 9Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research NetworkChevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
  10. 10Institut de Neurociències-Autonomous Universitat de Barcelona (INc-UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
  11. 11Universitat Ramon Llull, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut Blanquerna, Barcelona, Spain
  12. 12Departament de Neurologia. Hospital Universitari Vall D’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract

Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological intervention for motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, direct comparisons between basic physical training (BPT) and dual-task training remain limited. The objective of the current clinical trial is to evaluate clinical and functional effects of BPT and a BPT combined with dual-task functional exercises (BPT + FE) in individuals with PD. In this randomized controlled trial, 24 participants with idiopathic PD were allocated to BPT, BPT + FE, or a no-intervention control group (Con). Interventions lasted 12 weeks (three 60-minute sessions/week). Outcomes included quality of life (PDQ-39), depressive symptoms (BDI), lower-limb strength (1-minute Sit-to-Stand Test, STS), and functional mobility (Timed Up and Go, TUG). Group effects were analyzed using permutation-based ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. Both interventions significantly improved physical performance vs. controls. STS gains were observed for BPT vs. Con (Mean Difference, MD = 31.00; p = .0026) and BPT + FE vs. Con (MD = 19.00; p = .0026). TUG times improved for BPT vs. Con (MD = –2.07s; p = .0039) and BPT + FE vs. Con (MD = –2.43s; p = .0028). Although BDI and PDQ-39 did not show statistically significant changes between group differences (r_rb = –0.429 and –0.339, respectively), several subscales demonstrated medium effect sizes suggesting potentially meaningful trends: emotional well-being (BPT: r_rb = –0.428; BPT + FE: r_rb = –0.446), bodily discomfort (BPT: r_rb = –0.524), and activities of daily living (BPT + FE: r_rb = –0.429). In conclusion, both programs improved physical performance in PD. Patient-reported outcomes did not reach statistical significance, but effect-size patterns suggest possible psychosocial benefits that warrant confirmation in larger trials. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05963425.

Related

  1. Effects of dual-task training on health-related quality of life and cognitive function in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Leandro Cerda-Pérez, Catalina Gutiérrez-Rojas, Valentina Retamal-Salazar +6
    Frontiers in aging neurosciencePeer-reviewedCC BYFull textGeneral medicineEurope PMC
  2. Enhancing deep sleep with auditory stimulation to boost cognitive training responsiveness in people with Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment: Rationale and design of the double-blind randomized controlled trial PD-CogT-Sleep
    A. Ophey, M. T. Kleinsorge, N. A. Wallimann +8
    medRxivPreprintAll rights reservedFull textNeurologymedRxiv
  3. Experiences and Perceptions of Older Adults Participating in Physical Exercise, Cognitive Training, and Health Education Programs: A Qualitative Study Nested in a Randomized Controlled Trial.
    Laura Pilar De Paz-Montón, Juan Manuel Carmona-Torres, Víctor Serrano-Fernández +3
    Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)Peer-reviewedCC BYFull textPhysiologyEurope PMC
  4. Adding Tat‐Beclin1 to an endurance training program promotes additive improvements in physical function in aged male mice
    Thuan Thien Tchen, Shakibur Rahman, Thaysa Ghiarone +7
    Physiological reportsPeer-reviewedCC BYFull textGeneral medicineEurope PMC
  5. Physical and digital safety for older adults with Parkinson's disease: Reflections from an interdisciplinary community programme.
    Hasliza Abu Hassan, Muhammad Fairuz Abd Rauf, Mohd Fahmi Mohamad Amran
    Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of MalaysiaPeer-reviewedCC BYFull textGeneral medicineEurope PMC

Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{magana2026effects,
  title = {{Effects of basic and dual-task training programs on physical function in Parkinson’s disease: The PARKEX study}},
  author = {Juan Carlos Magaña and Silvia Enríquez-Calzada and Roger Prat and Cláudia M. Deus and Susana P. Pereira and Mercè Avellanet and Elvira Gea and Ariadna Laguna and Marta Martinez-Vicente and Ona Perez-Larumbe and Maria Giné-Garriga and Jorge Hernández-Vara and Joel Montane},
  journal = {PLOS One},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0358534},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358534},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Effects of basic and dual-task training programs on physical function in Parkinson’s disease: The PARKEX study
AU  - Juan Carlos Magaña
AU  - Silvia Enríquez-Calzada
AU  - Roger Prat
AU  - Cláudia M. Deus
AU  - Susana P. Pereira
AU  - Mercè Avellanet
AU  - Elvira Gea
AU  - Ariadna Laguna
AU  - Marta Martinez-Vicente
AU  - Ona Perez-Larumbe
AU  - Maria Giné-Garriga
AU  - Jorge Hernández-Vara
AU  - Joel Montane
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/18
JO  - PLOS One
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0358534
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358534
AB  - Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological intervention for motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, direct comparisons between basic physical training (BPT) and dual-task training remain limited. The objective of the current clinical trial is to evaluate clinical and functional effects of BPT and a BPT combined with dual-task functional exercises (BPT + FE) in individuals with PD. In this randomized controlled trial, 24 participants with idiopathic PD were allocated to BPT, BPT + FE, or a no-intervention control group (Con). Interventions lasted 12 weeks (three 60-minute sessions/week). Outcomes included quality of life (PDQ-39), depressive symptoms (BDI), lower-limb strength (1-minute Sit-to-Stand Test, STS), and functional mobility (Timed Up and Go, TUG). Group effects were analyzed using permutation-based ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. Both interventions significantly improved physical performance vs. controls. STS gains were observed for BPT vs. Con (Mean Difference, MD = 31.00; p = .0026) and BPT + FE vs. Con (MD = 19.00; p = .0026). TUG times improved for BPT vs. Con (MD = –2.07s; p = .0039) and BPT + FE vs. Con (MD = –2.43s; p = .0028). Although BDI and PDQ-39 did not show statistically significant changes between group differences (r_rb = –0.429 and –0.339, respectively), several subscales demonstrated medium effect sizes suggesting potentially meaningful trends: emotional well-being (BPT: r_rb = –0.428; BPT + FE: r_rb = –0.446), bodily discomfort (BPT: r_rb = –0.524), and activities of daily living (BPT + FE: r_rb = –0.429). In conclusion, both programs improved physical performance in PD. Patient-reported outcomes did not reach statistical significance, but effect-size patterns suggest possible psychosocial benefits that warrant confirmation in larger trials. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05963425.
SN  - 1932-6203
ER  -