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PreprintarXiv licencearXiv

Reversibility and Multiplicity in Liquid-Vapor Phase Change

  • Luiz Eduardo Czelusniak
  • Alexander J. Wagner
  • Luben Cabezas Gómez
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Abstract

Using diffuse-interface theory, we uncover unexpected phase-change phenomena that are absent from widely used models of evaporation and condensation. In the inviscid limit, the same adjacent thermodynamic states admit stationary evaporation and condensation with equal and opposite mass fluxes, even when the vapor pressure lies below saturation. Viscosity breaks this reversibility but gives rise to multiple stationary condensation rates for the same vapor state. Lattice Boltzmann simulations dynamically recover these states, showing that these phenomena are dynamically realized by the diffuse-interface equations rather than arising solely as mathematical solutions of the reduced interfacial relations. Our results reveal previously unexplored behavior in a well-established theory of liquid--vapor interfaces.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{czelusniak2026reversibility,
  title = {{Reversibility and Multiplicity in Liquid-Vapor Phase Change}},
  author = {Luiz Eduardo Czelusniak and Alexander J. Wagner and Luben Cabezas Gómez},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.31926},
  eprint = {2609.31926},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.31926},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Reversibility and Multiplicity in Liquid-Vapor Phase Change
AU  - Luiz Eduardo Czelusniak
AU  - Alexander J. Wagner
AU  - Luben Cabezas Gómez
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/25
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.31926
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.31926
AB  - Using diffuse-interface theory, we uncover unexpected phase-change phenomena that are absent from widely used models of evaporation and condensation. In the inviscid limit, the same adjacent thermodynamic states admit stationary evaporation and condensation with equal and opposite mass fluxes, even when the vapor pressure lies below saturation. Viscosity breaks this reversibility but gives rise to multiple stationary condensation rates for the same vapor state. Lattice Boltzmann simulations dynamically recover these states, showing that these phenomena are dynamically realized by the diffuse-interface equations rather than arising solely as mathematical solutions of the reduced interfacial relations. Our results reveal previously unexplored behavior in a well-established theory of liquid--vapor interfaces.
ER  -