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Peer-reviewedCC BYVirulence

Manipulation of host response and trajectory of parasite survival: A damage-response framework perspective.

  • Kritsada Pruksaphon1,2
  • Nopawit Khamto3
  • Artid Amsri4,5
  • Maria de Lourdes Pereira6
  • Joshua D Nosanchuk7
  • Sirida Youngchim5
7 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
  2. 2Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms (CERMM), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
  3. 3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
  4. 4Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
  5. 5Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
  6. 6CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
  7. 7Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Abstract

The Damage-Response Framework (DRF) provides a conceptual model for understanding the pathogenesis of parasitic infections by distinguishing biological infection from clinical infectious disease. Rather than viewing parasite virulence as an intrinsic property, the DRF proposes that disease results from dynamic host-parasite interactions, with host damage determined by the magnitude and quality of the immune response. Both insufficient immune responses, permitting parasite proliferation, and excessive inflammation, causing immunopathology, can lead to disease. Using representative examples, including Blastocystis spp. Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichinella spiralis, this review illustrates how similar parasites produce diverse clinical manifestations depending on host immune status, parasite characteristics, and environmental factors. The DRF also highlights the importance of host damage as a unifying endpoint that explains disease heterogeneity across parasitic infections. Integrating this framework into parasitology provides a foundation for developing mechanism-based diagnostics, immunomodulatory therapies, and personalized intervention strategies while identifying priorities for future translational medicine.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{pruksaphon2026manipulation,
  title = {{Manipulation of host response and trajectory of parasite survival: A damage-response framework perspective.}},
  author = {Kritsada Pruksaphon and Nopawit Khamto and Artid Amsri and Maria de Lourdes Pereira and Joshua D Nosanchuk and Sirida Youngchim},
  journal = {Virulence},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.1080/21505594.2026.2732345},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42848841},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Manipulation of host response and trajectory of parasite survival: A damage-response framework perspective.
AU  - Kritsada Pruksaphon
AU  - Nopawit Khamto
AU  - Artid Amsri
AU  - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
AU  - Joshua D Nosanchuk
AU  - Sirida Youngchim
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/14
JO  - Virulence
DO  - 10.1080/21505594.2026.2732345
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42848841
AB  - The Damage-Response Framework (DRF) provides a conceptual model for understanding the pathogenesis of parasitic infections by distinguishing biological infection from clinical infectious disease. Rather than viewing parasite virulence as an intrinsic property, the DRF proposes that disease results from dynamic host-parasite interactions, with host damage determined by the magnitude and quality of the immune response. Both insufficient immune responses, permitting parasite proliferation, and excessive inflammation, causing immunopathology, can lead to disease. Using representative examples, including Blastocystis spp. Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichinella spiralis, this review illustrates how similar parasites produce diverse clinical manifestations depending on host immune status, parasite characteristics, and environmental factors. The DRF also highlights the importance of host damage as a unifying endpoint that explains disease heterogeneity across parasitic infections. Integrating this framework into parasitology provides a foundation for developing mechanism-based diagnostics, immunomodulatory therapies, and personalized intervention strategies while identifying priorities for future translational medicine.
SN  - 2150-5594
SN  - 2150-5608
ER  -