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Peer-reviewedCC BYNpj viruses

Towards anti-influenza nasal sprays: infection models and opportunities to reduce animal testing.

  • Jolly Thomas1
  • Christoph André Nilius2
  • Leon Matis2
  • Sabrina Schnur3,4,5
  • Anja Himmelstein1,4
  • Armin Walter Novak3,5
  • Jens Kurreck6
  • Marius Hittinger7,8,9
  • Daniel Christian Lauster10
10 affiliations
  1. 1Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany.
  2. 2University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
  3. 3Saarland University, Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarbrücken, Germany.
  4. 4MucosaTec GmbH, Schiffweiler, Germany.
  5. 5PharmaScienceHub, Saarbrücken, Germany.
  6. 6Technische Universität Berlin, Institute for Biotechnology, Applied Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany.
  7. 7University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany. [email protected].
  8. 8MucosaTec GmbH, Schiffweiler, Germany. [email protected].
  9. 9PharmBioTec GmbH, Schiffweiler, Germany. [email protected].
  10. 10Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany. [email protected].
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Abstract

The nasal mucosa is an important site of influenza virus entry and early replication, yet approved antivirals are not designed for nasal delivery. This Review summarizes antiviral strategies suitable for nasal administration and evaluates animal and human-relevant models for their development. We discuss route-specific formulation and regulatory requirements and propose a translational framework integrating in vitro, ex vivo and microphysiological systems with targeted in vivo studies to reduce animal use.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{thomas2026towards,
  title = {{Towards anti-influenza nasal sprays: infection models and opportunities to reduce animal testing.}},
  author = {Jolly Thomas and Christoph André Nilius and Leon Matis and Sabrina Schnur and Anja Himmelstein and Armin Walter Novak and Jens Kurreck and Marius Hittinger and Daniel Christian Lauster},
  journal = {Npj viruses},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1038/s44298-026-00255-9},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42972013},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Towards anti-influenza nasal sprays: infection models and opportunities to reduce animal testing.
AU  - Jolly Thomas
AU  - Christoph André Nilius
AU  - Leon Matis
AU  - Sabrina Schnur
AU  - Anja Himmelstein
AU  - Armin Walter Novak
AU  - Jens Kurreck
AU  - Marius Hittinger
AU  - Daniel Christian Lauster
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/02
JO  - Npj viruses
DO  - 10.1038/s44298-026-00255-9
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42972013
AB  - The nasal mucosa is an important site of influenza virus entry and early replication, yet approved antivirals are not designed for nasal delivery. This Review summarizes antiviral strategies suitable for nasal administration and evaluates animal and human-relevant models for their development. We discuss route-specific formulation and regulatory requirements and propose a translational framework integrating in vitro, ex vivo and microphysiological systems with targeted in vivo studies to reduce animal use.
SN  - 2948-1767
ER  -