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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Immunology

A multi-index diagnostic spectrum for acute myocardial infarction: incorporating the dual axes of inflammation and oxidative stress

  • Yuxin Fan1
  • Fang Hou1
  • Yanhong Gu1
  • Yin Xiang1
  • Qi Liu2
  1. 1Department of Medical Laboratory, The People’s Hospital of Leshan
  2. 2Department of Medical Laboratory, Emeishan City People’s Hospital
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Abstract

Early and accurate diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is of great clinical significance for improving the prognosis of patients. Although high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) is the current gold standard, it faces two key limitations: insufficient sensitivity in the ultra-early phase (<3 hours after symptom onset) due to its release kinetics, and suboptimal specificity in distinguishing ischemic from non-ischemic myocardial injury. In recent years, inflammation and oxidative stress, as the core links of the pathophysiology of AMI, have spawned a series of new biomarkers with potential diagnostic value. This article narrative reviews the biological characteristics, diagnostic efficacy, and risk stratification value of new markers such as S100A8/A9, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP). Studies have shown that inflammation-related markers such as S100A8/A9 are significantly increased in the early stage of AMI and are independently associated with poor prognosis, such as heart failure. Oxidative stress-related markers such as MPO and H-FABP have earlier release kinetics (1-3 hours after symptom onset), which can make up for the blind window of hs-cTn. The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting 28-day mortality in STEMI patients using inflammatory biomarkers and the GRACE score was 0.8305. However, current studies still face translational barriers such as cohort heterogeneity, insufficient detection standardization and high cost, and large-scale multi-center validation is needed in the future.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{fan2026multiindex,
  title = {{A multi-index diagnostic spectrum for acute myocardial infarction: incorporating the dual axes of inflammation and oxidative stress}},
  author = {Yuxin Fan and Fang Hou and Yanhong Gu and Yin Xiang and Qi Liu},
  journal = {Frontiers in Immunology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2026.1949113},
  url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1949113/full},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - A multi-index diagnostic spectrum for acute myocardial infarction: incorporating the dual axes of inflammation and oxidative stress
AU  - Yuxin Fan
AU  - Fang Hou
AU  - Yanhong Gu
AU  - Yin Xiang
AU  - Qi Liu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/29
JO  - Frontiers in Immunology
DO  - 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1949113
UR  - https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1949113/full
AB  - Early and accurate diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is of great clinical significance for improving the prognosis of patients. Although high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) is the current gold standard, it faces two key limitations: insufficient sensitivity in the ultra-early phase (<3 hours after symptom onset) due to its release kinetics, and suboptimal specificity in distinguishing ischemic from non-ischemic myocardial injury. In recent years, inflammation and oxidative stress, as the core links of the pathophysiology of AMI, have spawned a series of new biomarkers with potential diagnostic value. This article narrative reviews the biological characteristics, diagnostic efficacy, and risk stratification value of new markers such as S100A8/A9, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP). Studies have shown that inflammation-related markers such as S100A8/A9 are significantly increased in the early stage of AMI and are independently associated with poor prognosis, such as heart failure. Oxidative stress-related markers such as MPO and H-FABP have earlier release kinetics (1-3 hours after symptom onset), which can make up for the blind window of hs-cTn. The area under the curve (AUC) for predicting 28-day mortality in STEMI patients using inflammatory biomarkers and the GRACE score was 0.8305. However, current studies still face translational barriers such as cohort heterogeneity, insufficient detection standardization and high cost, and large-scale multi-center validation is needed in the future.
SN  - 1664-3224
ER  -