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Peer-reviewedCC BYKEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat

Routine Biomarkers for COVID-19 Mortality Prediction in Low-Resource Settings

  • Danis Pertiwi1
  • Rahayu2
  • Andina Putri Aulia1
  • Maritsatun Nisa3
  • Endang Lestari4
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, Indonesia
  2. 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, Indonesia
  3. 3Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, Indonesia
  4. 4Medical Education Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang, Indonesia
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Abstract

COVID-19 has placed a heavy burden on healthcare systems, especially in resource limited settings where simple and affordable tools are needed to identify patients at high risk of death. This study aimed to evaluate routine laboratory biomarkers associated with mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records of 199 adult patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia, between December 2020 and August 2021. Patients were selected using consecutive sampling. Hematological, inflammatory, coagulation, and virological parameters measured at admission were analyzed. Differences between survivors and non-survivors were assessed using Chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests, followed by logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictors of mortality. Of the 199 patients, 156 (78.4%) survived. and 43 (21.6%) died. Non-survivors had significantly higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to- lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer levels, while lymphocyte, monocyte, and basophil counts were significantly lower (p<0.05). Lymphopenia was the strongest independent predictor of mortality (aOR=4.263; 95%CI=1.661–10.945; p=0.003). Routine laboratory parameters, particularly lymphocyte count, may help identify high-risk patients and support early clinical decision-making in resource-limited hospitals.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{pertiwi2026routine,
  title = {{Routine Biomarkers for COVID-19 Mortality Prediction in Low-Resource Settings}},
  author = {Danis Pertiwi and Rahayu and Andina Putri Aulia and Maritsatun Nisa and Endang Lestari},
  journal = {KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.15294/kemas.v22i1.52701},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v22i1.52701},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Routine Biomarkers for COVID-19 Mortality Prediction in Low-Resource Settings
AU  - Danis Pertiwi
AU  - Rahayu
AU  - Andina Putri Aulia
AU  - Maritsatun Nisa
AU  - Endang Lestari
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/01
JO  - KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat
DO  - 10.15294/kemas.v22i1.52701
UR  - https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v22i1.52701
AB  - COVID-19 has placed a heavy burden on healthcare systems, especially in resource limited settings where simple and affordable tools are needed to identify patients at high risk of death. This study aimed to evaluate routine laboratory biomarkers associated with mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records of 199 adult patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 who were admitted to Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia, between December 2020 and August 2021. Patients were selected using consecutive sampling. Hematological, inflammatory, coagulation, and virological parameters measured at admission were analyzed. Differences between survivors and non-survivors were assessed using Chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests, followed by logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictors of mortality. Of the 199 patients, 156 (78.4%) survived. and 43 (21.6%) died. Non-survivors had significantly higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to- lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and D-dimer levels, while lymphocyte, monocyte, and basophil counts were significantly lower (p<0.05). Lymphopenia was the strongest independent predictor of mortality (aOR=4.263; 95%CI=1.661–10.945; p=0.003). Routine laboratory parameters, particularly lymphocyte count, may help identify high-risk patients and support early clinical decision-making in resource-limited hospitals.
SN  - 1858-1196
SN  - 2355-3596
ER  -