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PreprintCC BY 4.0arXiv

Battery open-circuit voltage is not purely chemical

  • Andrea Giudici
  • Christoph Pohl
  • Alberto Salvadori
  • Colin Please
  • Manuel Landstorfer
  • Jon Chapman
Open at sourcePDFDOICite

Abstract

Open-circuit-voltage (OCV) curves are commonly treated as intrinsic chemical properties of electrode materials. However, this view is incomplete. In ion-insertion batteries, OCV also depends on mechanical state and microstructure. Using finite-element simulations and asymptotic analysis, we show that particle swelling and external loads promote particle--particle contact that generates compressive stresses, shifting the inserted-ion chemical potential. The OCV correction is nonlinear, follows Hertzian contact scaling, and depends on particle arrangement. Identical materials can therefore exhibit different OCV curves in different electrode microstructures. Furthermore, in full cells, electrodes are mechanically coupled through the common stack stress. Thus, cell OCV is a chemo-mechanical property of the entire battery architecture, not chemistry alone.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{giudici2026battery,
  title = {{Battery open-circuit voltage is not purely chemical}},
  author = {Andrea Giudici and Christoph Pohl and Alberto Salvadori and Colin Please and Manuel Landstorfer and Jon Chapman},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.02968},
  eprint = {2609.02968},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02968},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Battery open-circuit voltage is not purely chemical
AU  - Andrea Giudici
AU  - Christoph Pohl
AU  - Alberto Salvadori
AU  - Colin Please
AU  - Manuel Landstorfer
AU  - Jon Chapman
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/02
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.02968
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02968
AB  - Open-circuit-voltage (OCV) curves are commonly treated as intrinsic chemical properties of electrode materials. However, this view is incomplete. In ion-insertion batteries, OCV also depends on mechanical state and microstructure. Using finite-element simulations and asymptotic analysis, we show that particle swelling and external loads promote particle--particle contact that generates compressive stresses, shifting the inserted-ion chemical potential. The OCV correction is nonlinear, follows Hertzian contact scaling, and depends on particle arrangement. Identical materials can therefore exhibit different OCV curves in different electrode microstructures. Furthermore, in full cells, electrodes are mechanically coupled through the common stack stress. Thus, cell OCV is a chemo-mechanical property of the entire battery architecture, not chemistry alone.
ER  -