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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0NPJ Science of Food

Microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvents extraction of saponins from the fibrous roots of American ginseng: process optimization, antioxidant activity, and metabolomics analysis

  • Ping Yu1,2
  • Haiyan Wang2
  • Xin Wang2
  • Ting Bai3
  • Chuanzhi Kang4
  • Jie Zhou2
  • Lei Fang1,2
4 affiliations
  1. 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
  2. 2School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
  3. 3Dalian Key Laboratory of Chronic Disease Research Center, Dalian University, Dalian, China
  4. 4State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, China
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Abstract

This study established an efficient method for the microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of saponins from the fibrous roots of American ginseng (SFRAG). The proposed method achieved a saponin yield of 18.68% within only 15 minutes. Notably, the obtained extract exhibited superior in vitro antioxidant activity compared to that of the traditional method, with DPPH IC50 values of 0.49 mg/mL vs. 1.92 mg/mL ABTS IC50 values of 1.29 mg/mL vs. 2.72 mg/mL, and FRAP values of 88.96 vs. 36.69 μmol TE/g, respectively. Comprehensive analyses using widely targeted metabolomic analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and correlation analysis indicated that the microwave-assisted NADES extract was enriched with rare saponins (e.g., ginsenoside Rg3, showing approximately a 2.0-fold increase based on relative peak area). Furthermore, the total content of saponins was higher than that obtained via the traditional extraction method. Upregulated metabolites in the microwave-assisted NADES extracts included ginsenoside Rg3, oleanolic acid, and dihydrophaseic acid, which are involved in the biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites, general metabolic pathways, and carotenoid biosynthesis. These upregulated metabolites exhibited a significant positive correlation with antioxidant activity. In conclusion, microwave-assisted NADES represents an efficient method for extraction of SFRAG.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{yu2026microwaveassisted,
  title = {{Microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvents extraction of saponins from the fibrous roots of American ginseng: process optimization, antioxidant activity, and metabolomics analysis}},
  author = {Ping Yu and Haiyan Wang and Xin Wang and Ting Bai and Chuanzhi Kang and Jie Zhou and Lei Fang},
  journal = {NPJ Science of Food},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1038/s41538-026-00983-5},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-026-00983-5},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvents extraction of saponins from the fibrous roots of American ginseng: process optimization, antioxidant activity, and metabolomics analysis
AU  - Ping Yu
AU  - Haiyan Wang
AU  - Xin Wang
AU  - Ting Bai
AU  - Chuanzhi Kang
AU  - Jie Zhou
AU  - Lei Fang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/09
JO  - NPJ Science of Food
DO  - 10.1038/s41538-026-00983-5
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-026-00983-5
AB  - This study established an efficient method for the microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction of saponins from the fibrous roots of American ginseng (SFRAG). The proposed method achieved a saponin yield of 18.68% within only 15 minutes. Notably, the obtained extract exhibited superior in vitro antioxidant activity compared to that of the traditional method, with DPPH IC50 values of 0.49 mg/mL vs. 1.92 mg/mL ABTS IC50 values of 1.29 mg/mL vs. 2.72 mg/mL, and FRAP values of 88.96 vs. 36.69 μmol TE/g, respectively. Comprehensive analyses using widely targeted metabolomic analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and correlation analysis indicated that the microwave-assisted NADES extract was enriched with rare saponins (e.g., ginsenoside Rg3, showing approximately a 2.0-fold increase based on relative peak area). Furthermore, the total content of saponins was higher than that obtained via the traditional extraction method. Upregulated metabolites in the microwave-assisted NADES extracts included ginsenoside Rg3, oleanolic acid, and dihydrophaseic acid, which are involved in the biosynthesis of various plant secondary metabolites, general metabolic pathways, and carotenoid biosynthesis. These upregulated metabolites exhibited a significant positive correlation with antioxidant activity. In conclusion, microwave-assisted NADES represents an efficient method for extraction of SFRAG.
SN  - 2396-8370
ER  -