Green citrate-crosslinked glucoxylan adsorptive filtration system for efficient and regenerable removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) from contaminated groundwater
7 affiliations
- 1School of Medical Sciences, Shandong Xiehe University, Jinan, 250109, Shandong, P.R. China.
- 2Faculty of Sciences, Superior University Lahore, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
- 3Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. [email protected].
- 4Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
- 5International Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
- 6Department of Physical Sciences, Physics Division, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia. [email protected].
- 7Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [email protected].
Abstract
The concentrations of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions in the groundwater (GW) of the Sargodha region of Pakistan are significantly higher than the WHO and US EPA standards, and this could be among the major contributors to the increased prevalence of diseases in the population of this region. Therefore, in this study, an eco-friendly and renewable adsorptive filtration system was fabricated. Glucoxylan (GX) from chia seeds was extracted and cross-linked with citric acid (CA, 5% w/v) in the presence of a base to form its citrate/ester, i.e., citric acid cross-linked GX (CL-GX), which was further saponified to its sodium counterpart, i.e., Na-CL-GX. CL-GX and Na-CL-GX were characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, and EDX analyses. The zero point charge (pHZPC) of Na-CL-GX was 4.98 ± 0.06, indicating a negative surface charge. The maximum adsorption capacities of Na-CL-GX for Pb(II) (625.0 mg/g), Cd(II) (357.14 mg/g), and Ni(II) (185.19 mg/g) ions from GW were found at pH 6, Na-CL-GX dose 20 mg, initial metal ion concentration 130 mg/L, contact time 30 min, and temperature 298 K according to the Langmuir isothermal model. The values of the thermodynamic triplets (ΔS°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) were negative, indicating the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process via the following ion-exchange mechanism: Moreover, an adsorptive filtration system was developed and applied to purify flowing water. In conclusion, Na-CL-GX appeared to be regenerable by maintaining high adsorption even after five adsorption-desorption cycles, making it a promising eco-friendly and reusable biomaterial for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) source remediation.
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BibTeX
@article{shah2026green,
title = {{Green citrate-crosslinked glucoxylan adsorptive filtration system for efficient and regenerable removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) from contaminated groundwater}},
author = {Sayyar Ali Shah and Shah Faisal Mohammad and Shakeel Ahmed Tahir and Arshad Ali and Azhar Abbas and Hanbing Song and Mohammad Shariq and Ahmed Vandy and Nasir Assad},
journal = {BMC chemistry},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.1186/s13065-026-01891-1},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13726058},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Green citrate-crosslinked glucoxylan adsorptive filtration system for efficient and regenerable removal of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) from contaminated groundwater
AU - Sayyar Ali Shah
AU - Shah Faisal Mohammad
AU - Shakeel Ahmed Tahir
AU - Arshad Ali
AU - Azhar Abbas
AU - Hanbing Song
AU - Mohammad Shariq
AU - Ahmed Vandy
AU - Nasir Assad
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/05
JO - BMC chemistry
DO - 10.1186/s13065-026-01891-1
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13726058
AB - The concentrations of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) ions in the groundwater (GW) of the Sargodha region of Pakistan are significantly higher than the WHO and US EPA standards, and this could be among the major contributors to the increased prevalence of diseases in the population of this region. Therefore, in this study, an eco-friendly and renewable adsorptive filtration system was fabricated. Glucoxylan (GX) from chia seeds was extracted and cross-linked with citric acid (CA, 5% w/v) in the presence of a base to form its citrate/ester, i.e., citric acid cross-linked GX (CL-GX), which was further saponified to its sodium counterpart, i.e., Na-CL-GX. CL-GX and Na-CL-GX were characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, and EDX analyses. The zero point charge (pHZPC) of Na-CL-GX was 4.98 ± 0.06, indicating a negative surface charge. The maximum adsorption capacities of Na-CL-GX for Pb(II) (625.0 mg/g), Cd(II) (357.14 mg/g), and Ni(II) (185.19 mg/g) ions from GW were found at pH 6, Na-CL-GX dose 20 mg, initial metal ion concentration 130 mg/L, contact time 30 min, and temperature 298 K according to the Langmuir isothermal model. The values of the thermodynamic triplets (ΔS°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) were negative, indicating the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process via the following ion-exchange mechanism: Moreover, an adsorptive filtration system was developed and applied to purify flowing water. In conclusion, Na-CL-GX appeared to be regenerable by maintaining high adsorption even after five adsorption-desorption cycles, making it a promising eco-friendly and reusable biomaterial for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) source remediation.
SN - 2661-801X
ER -