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Peer-reviewedCC BYArchives of gynecology and obstetrics

Gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball depth and intraocular measurements using 3-D ultrasound.

  • Marwan Odeh1,2
  • Rasha Nasra1
  • Zvi Leibovitz3,4
  • Hasan Bakry3,4
  • Lior Lowenstein1,2
  • Inshirah Sgayer5,6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Raya Strauss Wing of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galilee Medical Center, 2210001, Nahariya, Israel.
  2. 2Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
  3. 3Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
  4. 4Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
  5. 5Raya Strauss Wing of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galilee Medical Center, 2210001, Nahariya, Israel. [email protected].
  6. 6Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel. [email protected].
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Abstract

Purpose

To establish gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball anteroposterior (AP) diameter and intraocular measurements (lens AP diameter, vitreous body AP diameter).Methods

A retrospective study was conducted and included singleton pregnancies without prenatal or postnatal structural abnormalities. Three-dimensional ultrasound volumes of the fetal face acquired between 12 and 41 weeks' gestation were analyzed using multiplanar reformatting to obtain a standardized axial orbital plane. Right and left eyeball, lens, and vitreous body AP diameters were measured. Gestational age-specific reference ranges were generated using percentile distributions. Quadratic regression was used to assess associations with gestational age and biparietal diameter.Results

Of 608 volumes screened, 588 were included. Complete assessment of all parameters was available in 577 (98.1%). All ocular and intraocular measurements increased with gestational age (all p < 0.001). Quadratic regression demonstrated associations between gestational age and eyeball AP diameter (right R² = 0.80; left R² = 0.79), lens AP diameter (right R² = 0.44; left R² = 0.42), and vitreous body AP diameter (right R² = 0.80; left R² = 0.81). Similar associations were observed with biparietal diameter (all p < 0.001). Gestational age-specific nomograms and percentile tables are presented.Conclusions

Gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball depth and intraocular measurements are provided and may support objective prenatal assessment of fetal ocular growth.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{odeh2026gestational,
  title = {{Gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball depth and intraocular measurements using 3-D ultrasound.}},
  author = {Marwan Odeh and Rasha Nasra and Zvi Leibovitz and Hasan Bakry and Lior Lowenstein and Inshirah Sgayer},
  journal = {Archives of gynecology and obstetrics},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1007/s00404-026-08541-w},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894027},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball depth and intraocular measurements using 3-D ultrasound.
AU  - Marwan Odeh
AU  - Rasha Nasra
AU  - Zvi Leibovitz
AU  - Hasan Bakry
AU  - Lior Lowenstein
AU  - Inshirah Sgayer
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/01
JO  - Archives of gynecology and obstetrics
DO  - 10.1007/s00404-026-08541-w
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42894027
AB  - Purpose  To establish gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball anteroposterior (AP) diameter and intraocular measurements (lens AP diameter, vitreous body AP diameter).Methods  A retrospective study was conducted and included singleton pregnancies without prenatal or postnatal structural abnormalities. Three-dimensional ultrasound volumes of the fetal face acquired between 12 and 41 weeks' gestation were analyzed using multiplanar reformatting to obtain a standardized axial orbital plane. Right and left eyeball, lens, and vitreous body AP diameters were measured. Gestational age-specific reference ranges were generated using percentile distributions. Quadratic regression was used to assess associations with gestational age and biparietal diameter.Results  Of 608 volumes screened, 588 were included. Complete assessment of all parameters was available in 577 (98.1%). All ocular and intraocular measurements increased with gestational age (all p < 0.001). Quadratic regression demonstrated associations between gestational age and eyeball AP diameter (right R² = 0.80; left R² = 0.79), lens AP diameter (right R² = 0.44; left R² = 0.42), and vitreous body AP diameter (right R² = 0.80; left R² = 0.81). Similar associations were observed with biparietal diameter (all p < 0.001). Gestational age-specific nomograms and percentile tables are presented.Conclusions  Gestational age-specific nomograms for fetal eyeball depth and intraocular measurements are provided and may support objective prenatal assessment of fetal ocular growth.
SN  - 0932-0067
SN  - 1432-0711
ER  -