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Peer-reviewedCC BYEmerging microbes & infections

Non-coding RNA-mediated tug-of-war between emerging viruses and host antiviral defense: lessons from animal viruses.

  • Na Chen1,2,3
  • Baoge Zhang4
  • Ziding Yu5,6
  • Guangzhi Tong7
  • Jiayu Jin6
  • Qi Jiang8
  • Xiaoyong Chen9,7
9 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
  2. 2Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
  3. 3MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
  4. 4Fujian Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
  5. 5College of Food and Bioengineering, Wuhu Vocational Technical University, Wuhu, People's Republic of China.
  6. 6College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
  7. 7Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
  8. 8Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
  9. 9College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract

Emerging animal viruses pose persistent threats to livestock breeding and public health, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of virus-host interactions. Nevertheless, the regulatory roles and conserved mechanisms of host non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) during animal virus infections remain fragmented, and ncRNA-mediated mechanisms for emerging animal viruses are particularly poorly characterized, with no systematic collation or theoretical summarization available. Studies indicate that ncRNAs, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, have emerged as important regulators of the interplay between animal viruses and their hosts. This review synthesizes evidence from eleven animal viruses covering swine, poultry, ruminant, feline, canine, and mink hosts, with emphasis on virus-induced changes in ncRNA expression and their antiviral or proviral functions. Across diverse virus-host systems, three recurring regulatory paradigms are identified: host antiviral defense, viral hijacking, and viral antagonism. Host cells can dynamically reshape their ncRNA expression to regulate host restriction factors, proviral host factors, and other ncRNAs, thereby influencing innate immune signalling, viral replication cycles, autophagy, apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming. Conversely, animal viruses, including PEDV, PRRSV, PRV, SVA, AIV, ALV-J, NDV, BVDV, FHV-1, CIV, and MEV, have evolved sophisticated strategies to hijack host ncRNA networks or antagonize ncRNA-mediated antiviral immunity, and remodel the intracellular microenvironment to facilitate viral replication. These paradigms provide a unified theoretical system for understanding and predicting ncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in emerging animal viruses. They also offer references for dissecting the pathogenic patterns of ASFV, SADS-CoV, and future unknown emerging viruses, as well as, for mining, screening, and identifying potential antiviral drug targets.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{chen2026noncoding,
  title = {{Non-coding RNA-mediated tug-of-war between emerging viruses and host antiviral defense: lessons from animal viruses.}},
  author = {Na Chen and Baoge Zhang and Ziding Yu and Guangzhi Tong and Jiayu Jin and Qi Jiang and Xiaoyong Chen},
  journal = {Emerging microbes \& infections},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1080/22221751.2026.2746261},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42841343},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Non-coding RNA-mediated tug-of-war between emerging viruses and host antiviral defense: lessons from animal viruses.
AU  - Na Chen
AU  - Baoge Zhang
AU  - Ziding Yu
AU  - Guangzhi Tong
AU  - Jiayu Jin
AU  - Qi Jiang
AU  - Xiaoyong Chen
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/15
JO  - Emerging microbes & infections
DO  - 10.1080/22221751.2026.2746261
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42841343
AB  - Emerging animal viruses pose persistent threats to livestock breeding and public health, underscoring the need for a deeper understanding of virus-host interactions. Nevertheless, the regulatory roles and conserved mechanisms of host non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) during animal virus infections remain fragmented, and ncRNA-mediated mechanisms for emerging animal viruses are particularly poorly characterized, with no systematic collation or theoretical summarization available. Studies indicate that ncRNAs, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, have emerged as important regulators of the interplay between animal viruses and their hosts. This review synthesizes evidence from eleven animal viruses covering swine, poultry, ruminant, feline, canine, and mink hosts, with emphasis on virus-induced changes in ncRNA expression and their antiviral or proviral functions. Across diverse virus-host systems, three recurring regulatory paradigms are identified: host antiviral defense, viral hijacking, and viral antagonism. Host cells can dynamically reshape their ncRNA expression to regulate host restriction factors, proviral host factors, and other ncRNAs, thereby influencing innate immune signalling, viral replication cycles, autophagy, apoptosis, and metabolic reprogramming. Conversely, animal viruses, including PEDV, PRRSV, PRV, SVA, AIV, ALV-J, NDV, BVDV, FHV-1, CIV, and MEV, have evolved sophisticated strategies to hijack host ncRNA networks or antagonize ncRNA-mediated antiviral immunity, and remodel the intracellular microenvironment to facilitate viral replication. These paradigms provide a unified theoretical system for understanding and predicting ncRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms in emerging animal viruses. They also offer references for dissecting the pathogenic patterns of ASFV, SADS-CoV, and future unknown emerging viruses, as well as, for mining, screening, and identifying potential antiviral drug targets.
SN  - 2222-1751
ER  -