Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Nanosheets: Bridging High-Performance Energy Storage and Comprehensive In Vivo Biocompatibility Assessment
8 affiliations
- 1Dalian Medical University
- 2Faculty of Eastern Medicine and Natural Sciences
- 3Institute of Integrative Medicine
- 4Ziauddin University
- 5Graduate School of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL, JBNU Engineering Institute
- 6Jeonbuk National University
- 7Department of Chemistry
- 8University of Ulsan
Abstract
Owing to advancements in implantable bioelectronic devices, there has been an increase in demand for biocompatible energy sources with long-term electrochemical and mechanical stability. In this study, we present the fabrication of a flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (MXene//AC) based on two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets. The supercapacitor demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance with an areal capacitance of 66.43 mF cm –2, energy density of 13.2 Wh kg –1, and a high power density of 2300 W kg –1 . The supercapacitor retained 95% capacitance after 5000 charge–discharge cycles and displayed negligible performance degradation under various bending angles, highlighting its mechanical suitability for wearable electronics. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis revealed that the metallic Ti–C backbone of Ti3C2T x MXene and its O/F terminations work synergistically to enable rapid electron transport and reversible proton-coupled surface redox, supporting predominantly surface-controlled charge storage with a significant pseudocapacitive contribution. To complement device-level studies, we assessed the in vivo safety profile and antioxidant potential of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats through acute dermal, subchronic oral, and subchronic intraperitoneal toxicity evaluations. Acute dermal exposure up to 100 mg kg –1 caused mild skin responses without necrosis, while subchronic administration for 28 days revealed no considerable abnormalities in biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6), or oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, glutathione). Histopathological evaluations confirmed the absence of structural damage or inflammation in vital organs. Additionally, MXene nanosheets demonstrated antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethyl)benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radicals in a dose-dependent manner, highlighting their potential to reduce oxidative stress in biomedical applications. Overall, this dual-focused study demonstrates that MXene nanosheets are not only highly effective for developing flexible, stable asymmetric supercapacitors but also exhibit favorable in vivo biocompatibility and antioxidant properties at the tested doses. These findings emphasize the potential of MXene-based materials as next-generation, fully biocompatible energy storage devices for advanced implantable bioelectronic systems.
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BibTeX
@article{ali2026mxene,
title = {{Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Nanosheets: Bridging High-Performance Energy Storage and Comprehensive In Vivo Biocompatibility Assessment}},
author = {Tanveer Ali and Ali Shan and Mirza Mahmood Baig and Hu Xu and Zhihao Zhao and Hou Yuexue and Sooman Lim and Seung Goo Lee and Lin Zhang},
journal = {ACS Applied Materials \& Interfaces},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.1021/acsami.6c05337},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c05337},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Nanosheets: Bridging High-Performance Energy Storage and Comprehensive In Vivo Biocompatibility Assessment
AU - Tanveer Ali
AU - Ali Shan
AU - Mirza Mahmood Baig
AU - Hu Xu
AU - Zhihao Zhao
AU - Hou Yuexue
AU - Sooman Lim
AU - Seung Goo Lee
AU - Lin Zhang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/15
JO - ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
DO - 10.1021/acsami.6c05337
UR - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c05337
AB - Owing to advancements in implantable bioelectronic devices, there has been an increase in demand for biocompatible energy sources with long-term electrochemical and mechanical stability. In this study, we present the fabrication of a flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (MXene//AC) based on two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets. The supercapacitor demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance with an areal capacitance of 66.43 mF cm –2, energy density of 13.2 Wh kg –1, and a high power density of 2300 W kg –1 . The supercapacitor retained 95% capacitance after 5000 charge–discharge cycles and displayed negligible performance degradation under various bending angles, highlighting its mechanical suitability for wearable electronics. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis revealed that the metallic Ti–C backbone of Ti3C2T x MXene and its O/F terminations work synergistically to enable rapid electron transport and reversible proton-coupled surface redox, supporting predominantly surface-controlled charge storage with a significant pseudocapacitive contribution. To complement device-level studies, we assessed the in vivo safety profile and antioxidant potential of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats through acute dermal, subchronic oral, and subchronic intraperitoneal toxicity evaluations. Acute dermal exposure up to 100 mg kg –1 caused mild skin responses without necrosis, while subchronic administration for 28 days revealed no considerable abnormalities in biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine), inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6), or oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, glutathione). Histopathological evaluations confirmed the absence of structural damage or inflammation in vital organs. Additionally, MXene nanosheets demonstrated antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethyl)benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radicals in a dose-dependent manner, highlighting their potential to reduce oxidative stress in biomedical applications. Overall, this dual-focused study demonstrates that MXene nanosheets are not only highly effective for developing flexible, stable asymmetric supercapacitors but also exhibit favorable in vivo biocompatibility and antioxidant properties at the tested doses. These findings emphasize the potential of MXene-based materials as next-generation, fully biocompatible energy storage devices for advanced implantable bioelectronic systems.
SN - 1944-8244
SN - 1944-8252
ER -