On the Role of Problem Structure in Single-Layer QAOA
Abstract
Problem structure is widely regarded as a key factor influencing the performance of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), yet it often remains an informal notion without a precise mathematical characterization. In this work, we introduce a mathematical framework for characterizing problem structure from the perspective of target-state amplification in single-layer QAOA. We show that this structure can be represented by a joint probability distribution capturing the relationship between problem costs and mixer-dependent dynamics. We identify the statistical dependence encoded in this distribution as a measure of problem structure, through which necessary conditions for exponential amplification can be established. We establish a mean--max non-separation bound connecting parameter-averaged probabilities to their variational maxima. For NPO-PB problems with polynomially many distinct mixer eigenvalues, these probabilities exhibit the same scaling up to polynomial factors, allowing the exponential scaling of optimal amplification to be characterized without explicit parameter optimization. Beyond this characterization, mean--max non-separation also identifies regimes in which random-parameter QAOA can match the sampling guarantees of variationally trained QAOA. We further derive a matrix representation of the parameter-averaged probability that separates structural information from mixer dynamics, providing insight into the mechanisms governing probability amplification and its exponential suppression relative to the mixer capacity. These mechanisms are illustrated through analytically tractable examples involving transverse field and Grover mixers.
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BibTeX
@misc{bridi2026role,
title = {{On the Role of Problem Structure in Single-Layer QAOA}},
author = {Guilherme Adamatti Bridi and Franklin de Lima Marquezino and Andris Ambainis},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.30511},
eprint = {2610.30511},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30511},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - On the Role of Problem Structure in Single-Layer QAOA
AU - Guilherme Adamatti Bridi
AU - Franklin de Lima Marquezino
AU - Andris Ambainis
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.30511
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.30511
AB - Problem structure is widely regarded as a key factor influencing the performance of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), yet it often remains an informal notion without a precise mathematical characterization. In this work, we introduce a mathematical framework for characterizing problem structure from the perspective of target-state amplification in single-layer QAOA. We show that this structure can be represented by a joint probability distribution capturing the relationship between problem costs and mixer-dependent dynamics. We identify the statistical dependence encoded in this distribution as a measure of problem structure, through which necessary conditions for exponential amplification can be established. We establish a mean--max non-separation bound connecting parameter-averaged probabilities to their variational maxima. For NPO-PB problems with polynomially many distinct mixer eigenvalues, these probabilities exhibit the same scaling up to polynomial factors, allowing the exponential scaling of optimal amplification to be characterized without explicit parameter optimization. Beyond this characterization, mean--max non-separation also identifies regimes in which random-parameter QAOA can match the sampling guarantees of variationally trained QAOA. We further derive a matrix representation of the parameter-averaged probability that separates structural information from mixer dynamics, providing insight into the mechanisms governing probability amplification and its exponential suppression relative to the mixer capacity. These mechanisms are illustrated through analytically tractable examples involving transverse field and Grover mixers.
ER -