Pricing of graph-based quantum portfolios from first principles
Abstract
A central topic in economics and finance is the valuation of strategic games and bets, of investments providing uncertain future cashflows, and of other asset-like structures and contracts. Often, such valuation involves a probabilistic model, random variables, and computing expectation values of complex payoffs. Extending beyond this classical framework, a scenario emerges where assets are non-commuting operators and the inherent uncertainty is described by quantum states. In this work, we combine such notions of quantum finance with a graph-theoretic framework and ideas from contextuality. We discuss exclusive quantum assets and introduce scenarios when holding such assets can provide advantages over holding classical assets. In particular, we consider a "quantum market" based on nonlocal games such as the CHSH game and demonstrate that this setting can function as a market with well-defined financial structures. We provide upper bounds on the fair prices of the quantum assets based on graph-theoretic quantities like the independence number and the Lovász theta number. Our insights into markets of non-commuting assets help to elucidate what a financial system in a world filled with quantum technology could look like.
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BibTeX
@misc{spencer2026pricing,
title = {{Pricing of graph-based quantum portfolios from first principles}},
author = {Daniel J. Spencer and Bin Cheng and Dinh-Long Vu and Kishor Bharti and Alexey V. Gorshkov and Patrick Rebentrost},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.03279},
eprint = {2610.03279},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03279},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Pricing of graph-based quantum portfolios from first principles
AU - Daniel J. Spencer
AU - Bin Cheng
AU - Dinh-Long Vu
AU - Kishor Bharti
AU - Alexey V. Gorshkov
AU - Patrick Rebentrost
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/02
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.03279
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03279
AB - A central topic in economics and finance is the valuation of strategic games and bets, of investments providing uncertain future cashflows, and of other asset-like structures and contracts. Often, such valuation involves a probabilistic model, random variables, and computing expectation values of complex payoffs. Extending beyond this classical framework, a scenario emerges where assets are non-commuting operators and the inherent uncertainty is described by quantum states. In this work, we combine such notions of quantum finance with a graph-theoretic framework and ideas from contextuality. We discuss exclusive quantum assets and introduce scenarios when holding such assets can provide advantages over holding classical assets. In particular, we consider a "quantum market" based on nonlocal games such as the CHSH game and demonstrate that this setting can function as a market with well-defined financial structures. We provide upper bounds on the fair prices of the quantum assets based on graph-theoretic quantities like the independence number and the Lovász theta number. Our insights into markets of non-commuting assets help to elucidate what a financial system in a world filled with quantum technology could look like.
ER -