Revisiting magnetotelluric theory: layered induction and geoelectric fields
Abstract
We review the magnetotelluric (MT) theory of a horizontally layered Earth under plane wave forcing and its use in calculating geoelectric fields. Starting from Maxwell's equations, we derive the diffusion approximation and the impedance recursion by matching electric and magnetic fields at layer boundaries. The equivalent transmission line connects the surface impedance to attenuation with depth, apparent resistivity, phase, and the electric response to a magnetic time series. Three evaluations accompany the derivation, each against its own reference. First, under the storm of 10 and 11 May 2024, electric fields calculated from layered models fitted to measured impedance tensors differ from those calculated from the tensors by a median vector error of 46% across 1614 EarthScope MT sites with sufficient period coverage. Reducing each tensor to its antisymmetric projection alone gives a median of 46%, while the layered fit and numerical processing give medians of 1.9% and 1.3%. Second, the magnetic field reconstructed at each of 20 withheld observatories from the remaining network has a median vector error of 48%. In a common electric field comparison, the magnetic reconstruction gives the larger electric vector error in 96% of 32,280 observatory-tensor pairs, with medians of 93% against 46% for the layered representation. Third, when conductivity inferred at MT sites is interpolated by kriging into withheld regions, the median relative error of the predicted impedance is 57.3%, and 11 of 149 withheld sites have an apparent resistivity discrepancy of a factor of 100 or more at one or more periods. The vector comparison retains differences in the amplitude and direction of the electric field that are relevant to calculating induced voltages along transmission line routes.
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BibTeX
@misc{bor2026revisiting,
title = {{Revisiting magnetotelluric theory: layered induction and geoelectric fields}},
author = {Dennies Bor},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.38791},
eprint = {2609.38791},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.38791},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Revisiting magnetotelluric theory: layered induction and geoelectric fields
AU - Dennies Bor
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.38791
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.38791
AB - We review the magnetotelluric (MT) theory of a horizontally layered Earth under plane wave forcing and its use in calculating geoelectric fields. Starting from Maxwell's equations, we derive the diffusion approximation and the impedance recursion by matching electric and magnetic fields at layer boundaries. The equivalent transmission line connects the surface impedance to attenuation with depth, apparent resistivity, phase, and the electric response to a magnetic time series. Three evaluations accompany the derivation, each against its own reference. First, under the storm of 10 and 11 May 2024, electric fields calculated from layered models fitted to measured impedance tensors differ from those calculated from the tensors by a median vector error of 46% across 1614 EarthScope MT sites with sufficient period coverage. Reducing each tensor to its antisymmetric projection alone gives a median of 46%, while the layered fit and numerical processing give medians of 1.9% and 1.3%. Second, the magnetic field reconstructed at each of 20 withheld observatories from the remaining network has a median vector error of 48%. In a common electric field comparison, the magnetic reconstruction gives the larger electric vector error in 96% of 32,280 observatory-tensor pairs, with medians of 93% against 46% for the layered representation. Third, when conductivity inferred at MT sites is interpolated by kriging into withheld regions, the median relative error of the predicted impedance is 57.3%, and 11 of 149 withheld sites have an apparent resistivity discrepancy of a factor of 100 or more at one or more periods. The vector comparison retains differences in the amplitude and direction of the electric field that are relevant to calculating induced voltages along transmission line routes.
ER -