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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Animal Bioscience

Epidemiology, risk factors, and spatio-temporal distribution of lumpy skin disease in cattle in northern Bangladesh

  • Md. Shajedur Rahman1,2
  • Md. Khaled Hossain1
  • Jahangir Alam3
  • Nazmi Ara Rumi1
  • Md. Tanvir Islam4
  • Md. Hasan Ali5
  • Shihab Ahmed6
  • Hemayet Hossain7,8
  • Jong-Joo Kim9
  • Md Azizul Haque9,10
10 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Microbiology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
  2. 2Department of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
  3. 3Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  4. 4Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Lewyt College of Veterinary Medicine, Brookville, NY, USA
  5. 5Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
  6. 6Antimicrobial Resistance Reference Laboratory (Research), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  7. 7Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
  8. 8Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Teesta University, Rangpur, Bangladesh
  9. 9Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Korea
  10. 10Department of Health Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Frontier University, Garowe Campus, Puntland, Somalia
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Abstract

Objective: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary viral disease that leads to substantial economic losses in cattle production worldwide. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, and spatial–temporal patterns through molecular detection of LSD virus among cattle in northern Bangladesh.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to August 2025 across 10 districts involving 8,650 cattle from 1,200 households. Clinical examination, questionnaire-based epidemiological investigation, spatial mapping, and polymerase chain reaction targeting the P32 and thymidine kinase genes were performed.

Results: The prevalence of LSD was 30.15% (2,608/8,650; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.2–31.1), while the mortality and case fatality rates were 3.02% and 10.01%, respectively. Marked geographical and seasonal variations were observed, with the highest prevalence recorded in Thakurgaon (33.92%) and during the rainy season (44.56%). Calves less than one year had the highest prevalence (37.39%) and had an infection susceptibility about double that of older cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.82–2.29). Unvaccinated cattle showed markedly higher prevalence (36.45%) of LSD. Multivariable logistic regression identified non-vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 14.3; 95% CI: 9.63–21.7), poor biosecurity (AOR = 5.18; 95% CI: 3.37–8.08), and large herd size (AOR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.87–4.22) as major independent predictors of LSD prevalence.

Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that LSD is widely distributed and strongly influenced by management, environmental, and host-related factors in northern Bangladesh. Strengthening vaccination coverage, farm biosecurity protocols, vector management strategies, and targeted surveillance systems may substantially reduce the burden of LSD in cattle populations.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{rahman2026epidemiology,
  title = {{Epidemiology, risk factors, and spatio-temporal distribution of lumpy skin disease in cattle in northern Bangladesh}},
  author = {Md. Shajedur Rahman and Md. Khaled Hossain and Jahangir Alam and Nazmi Ara Rumi and Md. Tanvir Islam and Md. Hasan Ali and Shihab Ahmed and Hemayet Hossain and Jong-Joo Kim and Md Azizul Haque},
  journal = {Animal Bioscience},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.5713/ab.260493},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.260493},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Epidemiology, risk factors, and spatio-temporal distribution of lumpy skin disease in cattle in northern Bangladesh
AU  - Md. Shajedur Rahman
AU  - Md. Khaled Hossain
AU  - Jahangir Alam
AU  - Nazmi Ara Rumi
AU  - Md. Tanvir Islam
AU  - Md. Hasan Ali
AU  - Shihab Ahmed
AU  - Hemayet Hossain
AU  - Jong-Joo Kim
AU  - Md Azizul Haque
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/16
JO  - Animal Bioscience
DO  - 10.5713/ab.260493
UR  - https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.260493
AB  - Objective: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary viral disease that leads to substantial economic losses in cattle production worldwide. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, and spatial–temporal patterns through molecular detection of LSD virus among cattle in northern Bangladesh.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2023 to August 2025 across 10 districts involving 8,650 cattle from 1,200 households. Clinical examination, questionnaire-based epidemiological investigation, spatial mapping, and polymerase chain reaction targeting the P32 and thymidine kinase genes were performed.  Results: The prevalence of LSD was 30.15% (2,608/8,650; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.2–31.1), while the mortality and case fatality rates were 3.02% and 10.01%, respectively. Marked geographical and seasonal variations were observed, with the highest prevalence recorded in Thakurgaon (33.92%) and during the rainy season (44.56%). Calves less than one year had the highest prevalence (37.39%) and had an infection susceptibility about double that of older cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.82–2.29). Unvaccinated cattle showed markedly higher prevalence (36.45%) of LSD. Multivariable logistic regression identified non-vaccination (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 14.3; 95% CI: 9.63–21.7), poor biosecurity (AOR = 5.18; 95% CI: 3.37–8.08), and large herd size (AOR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.87–4.22) as major independent predictors of LSD prevalence.  Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that LSD is widely distributed and strongly influenced by management, environmental, and host-related factors in northern Bangladesh. Strengthening vaccination coverage, farm biosecurity protocols, vector management strategies, and targeted surveillance systems may substantially reduce the burden of LSD in cattle populations.
SN  - 2765-0189
SN  - 2765-0235
ER  -