Demystifying Semi-Solid-State Batteries: Insights from X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy and Electrical Abuse Tests
- 1CARISSMA Institute of Electric, Connected, and Secure Mobility, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany
- 2Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- 3EAS Batteries GmbH, Lokomotivenstraße 21, 99734 Nordhausen, Germany
Abstract
This study investigates four semi-solid-state battery cell types by using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to characterize fresh cathodes from unabused cells according to their electrolyte systems and interphase strategies. Their safety behaviour is then evaluated through external short-circuit (ESC) and overcharge tests conducted in accordance with the IEC 62660-2:2018 and IEC 62660-3:2022 standards, respectively. The ESC test reveals the differences in short-circuit tolerance, as cells with a polymer-based electrolyte transition most rapidly to hazardous failure, with the most severe visible effects compared to the cells with a Li3PS4 (LPS) coating interphase strategy. Additionally, the overcharge test produces more severe outcomes than ESC once the IEC voltage threshold is exceeded. The criterion dV/dt > +0.1 V s−1 after the voltage plateau may serve as an electrical precursor for voltage failure, providing an indication of abnormal cell behaviour prior to separator hard short-circuiting in cases where failure subsequently occurred. Under liquid wetting conditions, the resulting interfacial chemistry depends on the interaction between the liquid phase, the host material, and the additives present. FTIR gas-phase analysis indicates that ESC behaviour is dominated by localized Joule heating, wetting-agent evaporation, swelling, and venting, whereas overcharge conditions promote structural deformation, oxygen release, fire, and explosion.
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BibTeX
@article{jimoh2026demystifying,
title = {{Demystifying Semi-Solid-State Batteries: Insights from X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy and Electrical Abuse Tests}},
author = {Basit Asipita Jimoh and Yingzhu Fan and Christina Schieber and Olaf Lindemann and Mellin Maximillian and Serkan Sevinç and Yash Kotak and Jan P. Hofmann and Hans-Georg Schweiger},
journal = {Batteries},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/batteries12100411},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/10/411},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Demystifying Semi-Solid-State Batteries: Insights from X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy and Electrical Abuse Tests
AU - Basit Asipita Jimoh
AU - Yingzhu Fan
AU - Christina Schieber
AU - Olaf Lindemann
AU - Mellin Maximillian
AU - Serkan Sevinç
AU - Yash Kotak
AU - Jan P. Hofmann
AU - Hans-Georg Schweiger
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/09
JO - Batteries
DO - 10.3390/batteries12100411
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/10/411
AB - This study investigates four semi-solid-state battery cell types by using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to characterize fresh cathodes from unabused cells according to their electrolyte systems and interphase strategies. Their safety behaviour is then evaluated through external short-circuit (ESC) and overcharge tests conducted in accordance with the IEC 62660-2:2018 and IEC 62660-3:2022 standards, respectively. The ESC test reveals the differences in short-circuit tolerance, as cells with a polymer-based electrolyte transition most rapidly to hazardous failure, with the most severe visible effects compared to the cells with a Li3PS4 (LPS) coating interphase strategy. Additionally, the overcharge test produces more severe outcomes than ESC once the IEC voltage threshold is exceeded. The criterion dV/dt > +0.1 V s−1 after the voltage plateau may serve as an electrical precursor for voltage failure, providing an indication of abnormal cell behaviour prior to separator hard short-circuiting in cases where failure subsequently occurred. Under liquid wetting conditions, the resulting interfacial chemistry depends on the interaction between the liquid phase, the host material, and the additives present. FTIR gas-phase analysis indicates that ESC behaviour is dominated by localized Joule heating, wetting-agent evaporation, swelling, and venting, whereas overcharge conditions promote structural deformation, oxygen release, fire, and explosion.
SN - 2313-0105
ER -