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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Dust growth in the early Universe: insight from the NewCluster spin-off simulation

  • J K Jang1
  • Yohan Dubois2
  • Francisco Rodríguez Montero3
  • San Han2
  • Jinsu Rhee2
  • Diana Ismail4
  • Gyeong-Hwan Byun1
  • Changyeon Yu1
  • Seyoung Jeon5
  • Sukyoung K Yi1
5 affiliations
  1. 1Yonsei University Department of Astronomy, , Seoul 03722 ,
  2. 2Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Sorbonne Université , CNRS, UMR 7095, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris ,
  3. 3Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637 ,
  4. 4Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg , CNRS, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg ,
  5. 5Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055 ,
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Abstract

We investigate dust evolution in galaxies at z ∼ 5 using a spin-off run of the NewCluster cosmological zoom-in simulation with a live two-species, two-size dust model. We find that dust evolution follows three metallicity-dependent phases. At log (Z/Z⊙) < −1, dust is dominated by stellar ejecta and produces a shallow, featureless UV extinction curve whose normalized wavelength dependence is similar to that of the Calzetti attenuation law (Phase I). At −1 ≤ log (Z/Z⊙) < −0.5, efficient silicate accretion drives rapid dust growth, producing silicate-rich dust and SMC-like extinction curves (Phase II). At log (Z/Z⊙) ≥ −0.5, carbonaceous grain growth also becomes efficient, yielding a more balanced grain mixture and Milky-Way-like extinction curves (Phase III). In addition, local dust-to-metal ratios are strongly suppressed in regions affected by recent clustered supernova feedback, further complicating the interpretation of high-z observations. Despite some successes, our galaxies lie below current observationally inferred dust masses and dust-to-metal ratios for high-redshift galaxies. The resulting depletion patterns suggest that the fixed Fe-bearing olivine composition assumed in our current dust model may be too restrictive for chemically young galaxies, and that metallicity-dependent grain compositions may be required to explain the dust content of the early Universe.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{jang2026dust,
  title = {{Dust growth in the early Universe: insight from the NewCluster spin-off simulation}},
  author = {J K Jang and Yohan Dubois and Francisco Rodríguez Montero and San Han and Jinsu Rhee and Diana Ismail and Gyeong-Hwan Byun and Changyeon Yu and Seyoung Jeon and Sukyoung K Yi},
  journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.1093/mnras/stag2083},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2083/9011257},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Dust growth in the early Universe: insight from the NewCluster spin-off simulation
AU  - J K Jang
AU  - Yohan Dubois
AU  - Francisco Rodríguez Montero
AU  - San Han
AU  - Jinsu Rhee
AU  - Diana Ismail
AU  - Gyeong-Hwan Byun
AU  - Changyeon Yu
AU  - Seyoung Jeon
AU  - Sukyoung K Yi
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/03
JO  - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
DO  - 10.1093/mnras/stag2083
UR  - https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2083/9011257
AB  - We investigate dust evolution in galaxies at z ∼ 5 using a spin-off run of the NewCluster cosmological zoom-in simulation with a live two-species, two-size dust model. We find that dust evolution follows three metallicity-dependent phases. At log (Z/Z⊙) < −1, dust is dominated by stellar ejecta and produces a shallow, featureless UV extinction curve whose normalized wavelength dependence is similar to that of the Calzetti attenuation law (Phase I). At −1 ≤ log (Z/Z⊙) < −0.5, efficient silicate accretion drives rapid dust growth, producing silicate-rich dust and SMC-like extinction curves (Phase II). At log (Z/Z⊙) ≥ −0.5, carbonaceous grain growth also becomes efficient, yielding a more balanced grain mixture and Milky-Way-like extinction curves (Phase III). In addition, local dust-to-metal ratios are strongly suppressed in regions affected by recent clustered supernova feedback, further complicating the interpretation of high-z observations. Despite some successes, our galaxies lie below current observationally inferred dust masses and dust-to-metal ratios for high-redshift galaxies. The resulting depletion patterns suggest that the fixed Fe-bearing olivine composition assumed in our current dust model may be too restrictive for chemically young galaxies, and that metallicity-dependent grain compositions may be required to explain the dust content of the early Universe.
SN  - 0035-8711
SN  - 1365-2966
ER  -