Fathers at risk: Effects of threatened and actual preterm birth on the course of paternal peripartum depression and anxiety
- 1Goethe-University Frankfurt, Institute of Psychology, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- 2Goethe-University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Department of Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Abstract
Background: While it is established that preterm birth (PB) increases the risk of psychological distress in fathers postpartum, the impact of a threatened PB on peripartum depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as their course over time, remains insufficiently studied. Methods: We assessed 116 men during their partner’s pregnancy (T1) and 6 weeks postpartum (T2), using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety-Depression Inventory. Participants were categorized into a control group (CG) with term birth and two risk groups based on PB occurrence: 33 men with partners at risk of PB who had a term birth (RG-TB), and 38 men with partners at risk of PB who experienced a PB (RG-PB). Psychological distress was analyzed using multi-sample latent growth curve modeling. Results: During pregnancy, psychological distress varied across groups: fathers in the RG-PB had elevated levels of depression and anxiety compared to the CG, while the RG-TB presented only weak evidence of heightened depressive but not anxiety symptoms. Notably, both risk groups had higher rates of elevated depressive symptoms than the CG. Postpartum, depressive symptoms did not differ between groups. However, fathers in the RG-PB had higher anxiety scores than fathers in the CG. Although trajectory analyses revealed no distinct group-specific patterns, the RG-TB consistently showed intermediate levels of distress between RG-PB and CG. Conclusion: Threatened PB is associated with increased prenatal psychological distress in fathers, regardless of birth outcome. The combination of threatened and actual PB is linked to persistently elevated anxiety symptoms postpartum. Clinical relevance: Threatened PB identifies fathers at risk for psychological distress, warranting antenatal and follow-up screening, particularly due to persistent anxiety after PB. Fathers experiencing threatened PB followed by term birth remain vulnerable, as antenatal and postpartum emotional distress suggest the need for continued postpartum screening. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01974531
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BibTeX
@article{pernidaki2026fathers,
title = {{Fathers at risk: Effects of threatened and actual preterm birth on the course of paternal peripartum depression and anxiety}},
author = {Valia Pernidaki and Karin Schermelleh-Engel and Sarah Sommerlad and Frank Louwen and Silvia Oddo-Sommerfeld},
journal = {PLOS One},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0356746},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0356746},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Fathers at risk: Effects of threatened and actual preterm birth on the course of paternal peripartum depression and anxiety
AU - Valia Pernidaki
AU - Karin Schermelleh-Engel
AU - Sarah Sommerlad
AU - Frank Louwen
AU - Silvia Oddo-Sommerfeld
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/09
JO - PLOS One
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0356746
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0356746
AB - Background: While it is established that preterm birth (PB) increases the risk of psychological distress in fathers postpartum, the impact of a threatened PB on peripartum depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as their course over time, remains insufficiently studied. Methods: We assessed 116 men during their partner’s pregnancy (T1) and 6 weeks postpartum (T2), using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety-Depression Inventory. Participants were categorized into a control group (CG) with term birth and two risk groups based on PB occurrence: 33 men with partners at risk of PB who had a term birth (RG-TB), and 38 men with partners at risk of PB who experienced a PB (RG-PB). Psychological distress was analyzed using multi-sample latent growth curve modeling. Results: During pregnancy, psychological distress varied across groups: fathers in the RG-PB had elevated levels of depression and anxiety compared to the CG, while the RG-TB presented only weak evidence of heightened depressive but not anxiety symptoms. Notably, both risk groups had higher rates of elevated depressive symptoms than the CG. Postpartum, depressive symptoms did not differ between groups. However, fathers in the RG-PB had higher anxiety scores than fathers in the CG. Although trajectory analyses revealed no distinct group-specific patterns, the RG-TB consistently showed intermediate levels of distress between RG-PB and CG. Conclusion: Threatened PB is associated with increased prenatal psychological distress in fathers, regardless of birth outcome. The combination of threatened and actual PB is linked to persistently elevated anxiety symptoms postpartum. Clinical relevance: Threatened PB identifies fathers at risk for psychological distress, warranting antenatal and follow-up screening, particularly due to persistent anxiety after PB. Fathers experiencing threatened PB followed by term birth remain vulnerable, as antenatal and postpartum emotional distress suggest the need for continued postpartum screening. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01974531
SN - 1932-6203
ER -