Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Poor Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
9 affiliations
- 1Medicine and Surgery, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, PAK.
- 2Internal Medicine, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, PAK.
- 3Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, PAK.
- 4Internal Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, CHN.
- 5Surgery, Arrowe Park Hospital, Upton, GBR.
- 6Pharmacology, Medicinal Botanic Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Labs Complex, Peshawar, PAK.
- 7Internal Medicine, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, PAK.
- 8Internal Medicine, Abbottabad International Medical Institute, Abbotabad, PAK.
- 9Internal Medicine, Rehman Medical College, Peshawar, PAK.
Abstract
Background
Vitamin D deficiency is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and may be associated with inadequate glycemic control.Objective
To determine the association between vitamin D deficiency and poor glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted at Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, Pakistan, from March 2024 to February 2025 among 350 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements were obtained from hospital laboratory records. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the laboratory standard operating procedure. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level <20 ng/mL and poor glycemic control was defined as HbA1c ≥7.0%. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, independent-samples t-test, and binary logistic regression. Multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to assess the independent association between vitamin D deficiency and poor glycemic control after adjustment for age, BMI, diabetes duration, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, dietary adherence, medication adherence, previous diabetes education, and smoking. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.Results
Among 350 participants, 218 (62.29%) were vitamin D deficient and 132 (37.71%) were non-deficient. Poor glycemic control was present in 226 (64.57%) participants, while 124 (35.43%) had adequate control. Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 164 (72.57%) participants with poor glycemic control compared with 54 (43.55%) with adequate control (p <0.001). Participants with poor glycemic control had lower mean serum 25(OH)D levels than those with adequate control (16.72 ± 6.43 vs. 23.84 ± 7.16 ng/mL; p <0.001). After adjustment for the prespecified covariates listed above, vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher odds of poor glycemic control (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.76-4.68; p <0.001).Conclusion
Vitamin D deficiency was common and was independently associated with higher odds of poor glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given the cross-sectional design, this association should not be interpreted as causal, and prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship.
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BibTeX
@article{usama2026association,
title = {{Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Poor Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.}},
author = {Muhammad Usama and Hafiza Sidra and Muhammad Fahad Munir and Hafiz Ali Shabbir Rajput and Farah Gul and Tabish Sattar and Uzair Ullah Qureshi and Syed Hamza Elahi},
journal = {Cureus},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.7759/cureus.117342},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42968894},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Poor Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
AU - Muhammad Usama
AU - Hafiza Sidra
AU - Muhammad Fahad Munir
AU - Hafiz Ali Shabbir Rajput
AU - Farah Gul
AU - Tabish Sattar
AU - Uzair Ullah Qureshi
AU - Syed Hamza Elahi
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/02
JO - Cureus
DO - 10.7759/cureus.117342
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42968894
AB - Background Vitamin D deficiency is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and may be associated with inadequate glycemic control.Objective To determine the association between vitamin D deficiency and poor glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, Pakistan, from March 2024 to February 2025 among 350 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements were obtained from hospital laboratory records. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the laboratory standard operating procedure. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level <20 ng/mL and poor glycemic control was defined as HbA1c ≥7.0%. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, independent-samples t-test, and binary logistic regression. Multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to assess the independent association between vitamin D deficiency and poor glycemic control after adjustment for age, BMI, diabetes duration, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, dietary adherence, medication adherence, previous diabetes education, and smoking. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.Results Among 350 participants, 218 (62.29%) were vitamin D deficient and 132 (37.71%) were non-deficient. Poor glycemic control was present in 226 (64.57%) participants, while 124 (35.43%) had adequate control. Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 164 (72.57%) participants with poor glycemic control compared with 54 (43.55%) with adequate control (p <0.001). Participants with poor glycemic control had lower mean serum 25(OH)D levels than those with adequate control (16.72 ± 6.43 vs. 23.84 ± 7.16 ng/mL; p <0.001). After adjustment for the prespecified covariates listed above, vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher odds of poor glycemic control (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.76-4.68; p <0.001).Conclusion Vitamin D deficiency was common and was independently associated with higher odds of poor glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given the cross-sectional design, this association should not be interpreted as causal, and prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship.
SN - 2168-8184
ER -