Shock-heated Away: The Impact of Radiative Cooling on Gas-Phase Transitions in Supernova Remnants
Abstract
Supernova (SN) feedback plays a central role in regulating the structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) through the injection of energy and momentum. The amount of hot gas produced by a supernova is a key quantity that determines how efficiently SN feedback heats the ISM and drives mass exchange between its different gas phases, here defined as cold (T < 103 K), warm (103 K < T < 2×104 K), and hot (T > 2×104 K) gas. However, previous studies have reported discrepant amounts of hot gas formed under otherwise similar ambient conditions. To resolve these disagreements, we quantify the amount of hot gas produced by individual SN explosions using a suite of controlled simulations spanning a broad range of ISM environments that include both uniform and turbulent, multiphase backgrounds. We show that radiative cooling is a key factor regulating hot-gas production, and that differences in cooling efficiency can account for some of the discrepancies reported in the literature. We derive a simple predictive relation for the peak hot-gas mass attained during the evolution of a supernova remnant in terms of the mean ambient density, the initial phase distribution, and the efficiency of gas cooling, which we parameterize as the cooling time over a key temperature range of 104.5 K ≲ T ≲ 105.1 K. Finally, using tracer particles, we distinguish the evaporation of cold and warm gas into the hot phase and derive physically motivated expressions for the evaporation efficiency. Our results provide simple, predictive relations for hot-gas production and phase transitions that can be incorporated into subgrid models of SN feedback in galaxy formation simulations.
Related
- The Potential Contribution of Radiative Supernova Remnants to the Local Cosmic Ray Spectrum
- Supernova Kinetic Yield oN galactic Emission Tracers (SKYNET) I. Contribution of radiative supernova remnants to Galactic N + emission
- Chemical complexity in feedback from supernova remnants: First detection of PO+ in IC443 and W44
- Measuring Small-scale Turbulence in Supernova Remnants with Jitter Radiation
- Estimation of Dust Mass from Infrared Emission and Extinction of Supernova Remnants: G93.7-0.2, G109.1-1.0, G156.2+5.7, and G166.0+4.3
BibTeX
@misc{kocjan2026shockheated,
title = {{Shock-heated Away: The Impact of Radiative Cooling on Gas-Phase Transitions in Supernova Remnants}},
author = {Zuzanna Kocjan and Benedikt Diemer and Vadim A. Semenov and Shmuel Bialy and Uri Malamud},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.28747},
eprint = {2608.28747},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28747},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Shock-heated Away: The Impact of Radiative Cooling on Gas-Phase Transitions in Supernova Remnants
AU - Zuzanna Kocjan
AU - Benedikt Diemer
AU - Vadim A. Semenov
AU - Shmuel Bialy
AU - Uri Malamud
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.28747
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28747
AB - Supernova (SN) feedback plays a central role in regulating the structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) through the injection of energy and momentum. The amount of hot gas produced by a supernova is a key quantity that determines how efficiently SN feedback heats the ISM and drives mass exchange between its different gas phases, here defined as cold (T < 10^3 K), warm (10^3 K < T < 2×10^4 K), and hot (T > 2×10^4 K) gas. However, previous studies have reported discrepant amounts of hot gas formed under otherwise similar ambient conditions. To resolve these disagreements, we quantify the amount of hot gas produced by individual SN explosions using a suite of controlled simulations spanning a broad range of ISM environments that include both uniform and turbulent, multiphase backgrounds. We show that radiative cooling is a key factor regulating hot-gas production, and that differences in cooling efficiency can account for some of the discrepancies reported in the literature. We derive a simple predictive relation for the peak hot-gas mass attained during the evolution of a supernova remnant in terms of the mean ambient density, the initial phase distribution, and the efficiency of gas cooling, which we parameterize as the cooling time over a key temperature range of 10^4.5 K ≲ T ≲ 10^5.1 K. Finally, using tracer particles, we distinguish the evaporation of cold and warm gas into the hot phase and derive physically motivated expressions for the evaporation efficiency. Our results provide simple, predictive relations for hot-gas production and phase transitions that can be incorporated into subgrid models of SN feedback in galaxy formation simulations.
ER -