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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0The International Journal of Eating Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Tic Disorder, and Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder in Individuals With Eating Disorders and Their Siblings: A Nationwide Finnish Cohort Study

  • Emma Saure1
  • Pyry N. Sipilä2
  • Susanna Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomäki3
  • Andre Sourander3,4
  • Elina Santti5
  • Anu Raevuori1,5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Clinicum, Department of Psychiatry University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
  2. 2Department of Public Health University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
  3. 3Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, INVEST Flagship University of Turku Turku Finland
  4. 4Department of Child Psychiatry Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
  5. 5Department of Psychiatry, Division of Adolescent Psychiatry Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
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Abstract

Objective: Neurodevelopmental conditions frequently co‐occur with eating disorders (EDs). This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), tic disorder (TD), and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) in individuals with EDs and their full and half siblings.

Method: Study population comprised all individuals born in Finland between 1991 and 2001 with a recorded diagnosis of the following ICD‐10 EDs (N = 4240): anorexia nervosa (AN; F50.0/F50.1), bulimia nervosa (BN; F50.2/F50.3), and other/unspecified EDs (F50.8/F50.9). Population controls without ED (N = 16,494) and full and half siblings of participants with ED and controls (N = 36,301) were included. Conditional logistic regression was applied in analysis.

Results: Individuals with AN had increased occurrence of ASD, ADHD, and OCD compared to population controls (Odds ratios [ORs]: 6.62 [95% CI 4.21–10.39]; 3.30 [95% CI 2.33–4.69]; 10.67 [95% CI 7.07–16.10], respectively). Individuals with other/unspecified EDs had increased occurrence of ASD, ADHD, TD, and OCD (ORs: 9.06 [95% CI 5.5–14.77]; 2.78 [95% CI 1.92–4.01]; 4.68 [95% CI 1.94–11.32]; 7.64 [95% CI 4.92–11.87], respectively). The occurrence for ASD was particularly pronounced in males with other/unspecified EDs (OR 32.40 [95% CI 9.78–107.39]). Compared to full siblings of population controls, full siblings of individuals with AN had two‐fold odds for ASD and three‐fold odds for OCD; full siblings of individuals with other/unspecified EDs had 2–3‐fold odds for ASD, ADHD, TD, and OCD.

Discussion: Individuals with EDs have a high occurrence of neurodevelopmental conditions, also extending to their full siblings. These findings provide detailed characterization of comorbidity and the familial aggregation of these conditions.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{saure2026autism,
  title = {{Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Tic Disorder, and Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder in Individuals With Eating Disorders and Their Siblings: A Nationwide Finnish Cohort Study}},
  author = {Emma Saure and Pyry N. Sipilä and Susanna Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomäki and Andre Sourander and Elina Santti and Anu Raevuori},
  journal = {The International Journal of Eating Disorders},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1002/eat.70171},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.70171},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Tic Disorder, and Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder in Individuals With Eating Disorders and Their Siblings: A Nationwide Finnish Cohort Study
AU  - Emma Saure
AU  - Pyry N. Sipilä
AU  - Susanna Hinkka‐Yli‐Salomäki
AU  - Andre Sourander
AU  - Elina Santti
AU  - Anu Raevuori
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/09
JO  - The International Journal of Eating Disorders
DO  - 10.1002/eat.70171
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.70171
AB  - Objective: Neurodevelopmental conditions frequently co‐occur with eating disorders (EDs). This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), tic disorder (TD), and obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) in individuals with EDs and their full and half siblings.  Method: Study population comprised all individuals born in Finland between 1991 and 2001 with a recorded diagnosis of the following ICD‐10 EDs (N = 4240): anorexia nervosa (AN; F50.0/F50.1), bulimia nervosa (BN; F50.2/F50.3), and other/unspecified EDs (F50.8/F50.9). Population controls without ED (N = 16,494) and full and half siblings of participants with ED and controls (N = 36,301) were included. Conditional logistic regression was applied in analysis.  Results: Individuals with AN had increased occurrence of ASD, ADHD, and OCD compared to population controls (Odds ratios [ORs]: 6.62 [95% CI 4.21–10.39]; 3.30 [95% CI 2.33–4.69]; 10.67 [95% CI 7.07–16.10], respectively). Individuals with other/unspecified EDs had increased occurrence of ASD, ADHD, TD, and OCD (ORs: 9.06 [95% CI 5.5–14.77]; 2.78 [95% CI 1.92–4.01]; 4.68 [95% CI 1.94–11.32]; 7.64 [95% CI 4.92–11.87], respectively). The occurrence for ASD was particularly pronounced in males with other/unspecified EDs (OR 32.40 [95% CI 9.78–107.39]). Compared to full siblings of population controls, full siblings of individuals with AN had two‐fold odds for ASD and three‐fold odds for OCD; full siblings of individuals with other/unspecified EDs had 2–3‐fold odds for ASD, ADHD, TD, and OCD.  Discussion: Individuals with EDs have a high occurrence of neurodevelopmental conditions, also extending to their full siblings. These findings provide detailed characterization of comorbidity and the familial aggregation of these conditions.
SN  - 0276-3478
SN  - 1098-108X
ER  -