Complex deformations of the circle: Group cohomology and Virasoro uniformization
Abstract
We approach the question of complexification of the diffeomorphism group of the circle by considering real-analytic maps from the circle into the punctured complex plane with winding number +1. Such complex deformations form an infinite-dimensional manifold with partially defined inversion and composition operations, smooth in the sense of Frölicher structures, and with Lie algebra relations at the identity given by the Witt algebra. We compute their second group cohomology with real coefficients. It is generated by two cocycles: One cocycle extending the Bott-Thurston cocycle related to the Gelf'and-Fuks cocycle of the Virasoro algebra, and another Euler class cocycle combining mean rotation and conformal radius. Complex deformations act naturally on the (infinite-dimensional) Segal moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces with enumerated and analytically parametrized boundary components, equipping them with smooth Fr{ö}licher structures. We prove a Virasoro uniformization theorem: The tangent spaces of the Segal moduli spaces are spanned by vector fields induced by the Witt algebra. Finally, we relate the actions of complex deformations to Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates and Schiffer variation on finite-dimensional moduli spaces of bordered hyperbolic surfaces with one marked point on each boundary component.
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BibTeX
@misc{maibach2026complex,
title = {{Complex deformations of the circle: Group cohomology and Virasoro uniformization}},
author = {Sid Maibach and Eveliina Peltola},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.20175},
eprint = {2605.20175},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.20175},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Complex deformations of the circle: Group cohomology and Virasoro uniformization
AU - Sid Maibach
AU - Eveliina Peltola
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.20175
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.20175
AB - We approach the question of complexification of the diffeomorphism group of the circle by considering real-analytic maps from the circle into the punctured complex plane with winding number +1. Such complex deformations form an infinite-dimensional manifold with partially defined inversion and composition operations, smooth in the sense of Frölicher structures, and with Lie algebra relations at the identity given by the Witt algebra. We compute their second group cohomology with real coefficients. It is generated by two cocycles: One cocycle extending the Bott-Thurston cocycle related to the Gelf'and-Fuks cocycle of the Virasoro algebra, and another Euler class cocycle combining mean rotation and conformal radius. Complex deformations act naturally on the (infinite-dimensional) Segal moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces with enumerated and analytically parametrized boundary components, equipping them with smooth Fr{ö}licher structures. We prove a Virasoro uniformization theorem: The tangent spaces of the Segal moduli spaces are spanned by vector fields induced by the Witt algebra. Finally, we relate the actions of complex deformations to Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates and Schiffer variation on finite-dimensional moduli spaces of bordered hyperbolic surfaces with one marked point on each boundary component.
ER -