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Peer-reviewedCC BYBMC medical research methodology

Loss of power by degree of heaping in covariables.

  • Matthias Becher1
  • Willi Sauerbrei2
  • Heiko Becher3
  1. 1Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - University Medical Center Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. [email protected].
  2. 2Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 26, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
  3. 3Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract

Heaping or digit preference is frequently occurring in health research data as well as in deliberate data masking. We investigate the associated loss of power associated by degree of heaping by simulation and illustrate the effect with a real dataset. Moderate heaping leads to little power loss and may be tolerable. However, heaping in broad categories induces major power loss and should be avoided.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{becher2026loss,
  title = {{Loss of power by degree of heaping in covariables.}},
  author = {Matthias Becher and Willi Sauerbrei and Heiko Becher},
  journal = {BMC medical research methodology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1186/s12874-026-03043-4},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42892672},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Loss of power by degree of heaping in covariables.
AU  - Matthias Becher
AU  - Willi Sauerbrei
AU  - Heiko Becher
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/17
JO  - BMC medical research methodology
DO  - 10.1186/s12874-026-03043-4
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42892672
AB  - Heaping or digit preference is frequently occurring in health research data as well as in deliberate data masking. We investigate the associated loss of power associated by degree of heaping by simulation and illustrate the effect with a real dataset. Moderate heaping leads to little power loss and may be tolerable. However, heaping in broad categories induces major power loss and should be avoided.
SN  - 1471-2288
ER  -