Initial clustering of primordial black holes: A general formulation for arbitrary local non-Gaussianity
Abstract
Initial spatial clustering of primordial black holes (PBHs) induced by local-type non-Gaussianity (LNG) can substantially modify cosmological constraints on PBH abundance. Several inflationary scenarios that enhance curvature perturbations at small scales relevant to PBH formation predict LNG that is not necessarily perturbative. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a theoretical framework capable of investigating the initial clustering induced by arbitrary LNG. Here, we present a general analytical formulation for the PBH two-point correlation function applicable to arbitrary LNGs in the alternative approach. Under the assumptions that PBHs form only at the large peaks of perturbations, and that large-scale modes weakly modulate the local variance of small-scale perturbations, we derive an analytic expression for the PBH bias parameter, directly connecting initial clustering to the primordial trispectrum in the collapsed limit. We demonstrate the versatility of our formula by computing the bias parameters in the ultra-slow-roll inflation, curvaton, and modulated reheating scenarios. We also formally generalize the framework to broad power spectra to account for correlations across different PBH mass scales. Because our formulation does not rely on weak or perturbative non-Gaussianity assumptions, our result provides a universal theoretical basis for evaluating initial clustering impact on PBH observables.
Related
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BibTeX
@misc{ishijima2026initial,
title = {{Initial clustering of primordial black holes: A general formulation for arbitrary local non-Gaussianity}},
author = {Hirotaka Ishijima and Teruaki Suyama and Ashu Kushwaha},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.11306},
eprint = {2609.11306},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11306},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Initial clustering of primordial black holes: A general formulation for arbitrary local non-Gaussianity
AU - Hirotaka Ishijima
AU - Teruaki Suyama
AU - Ashu Kushwaha
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/18
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.11306
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.11306
AB - Initial spatial clustering of primordial black holes (PBHs) induced by local-type non-Gaussianity (LNG) can substantially modify cosmological constraints on PBH abundance. Several inflationary scenarios that enhance curvature perturbations at small scales relevant to PBH formation predict LNG that is not necessarily perturbative. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a theoretical framework capable of investigating the initial clustering induced by arbitrary LNG. Here, we present a general analytical formulation for the PBH two-point correlation function applicable to arbitrary LNGs in the alternative approach. Under the assumptions that PBHs form only at the large peaks of perturbations, and that large-scale modes weakly modulate the local variance of small-scale perturbations, we derive an analytic expression for the PBH bias parameter, directly connecting initial clustering to the primordial trispectrum in the collapsed limit. We demonstrate the versatility of our formula by computing the bias parameters in the ultra-slow-roll inflation, curvaton, and modulated reheating scenarios. We also formally generalize the framework to broad power spectra to account for correlations across different PBH mass scales. Because our formulation does not rely on weak or perturbative non-Gaussianity assumptions, our result provides a universal theoretical basis for evaluating initial clustering impact on PBH observables.
ER -