Khayyam's Choices of Conics
Abstract
In the late eleventh century, Omar Khayyam gave a systematic classification of, and solutions to, cubic equations by means of intersecting conic sections. His work is often retold in modern Cartesian language, where each cubic is reduced to equations of certain curves whose intersection determines solutions in the Cartesian plane. In this paper, we retain the first part of the standard modern treatment of Khayyam: translating his verbal algebra into modern symbolic algebra. But instead of interpreting the resulting equations as curves in a Cartesian plane, we interpret them as Khayyam himself did, as relations between positive geometrical magnitudes represented by conics in the Apollonian sense. On this basis, and using a purpose-designed colour scheme, we reconstruct, in a compact treatment, his solutions to all the cubic equations treated by Khayyam. The reconstruction brings to light a hidden feature of the treatise and draws a sharp line between the geometrization of algebra as practised by Khayyam, on the one hand, and the geometrization of algebra developed by Fermat and Descartes, on the other.
Related
- 144 real circles tangent to three conics
- Enumerative geometry of conics and double covers on projective complete intersections
- Two-flag degenerations and real circles tangent to three conics
- Moduli of Conics on General Plucker Linear Sections of Grassmannians
- Two choices suffice: k-out sampling leaves O(n/k) intercomponent edges for k≥ 2
BibTeX
@misc{asghari2026khayyams,
title = {{Khayyam's Choices of Conics}},
author = {Amir Asghari},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.13876},
eprint = {2605.13876},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13876},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Khayyam's Choices of Conics
AU - Amir Asghari
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.13876
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13876
AB - In the late eleventh century, Omar Khayyam gave a systematic classification of, and solutions to, cubic equations by means of intersecting conic sections. His work is often retold in modern Cartesian language, where each cubic is reduced to equations of certain curves whose intersection determines solutions in the Cartesian plane. In this paper, we retain the first part of the standard modern treatment of Khayyam: translating his verbal algebra into modern symbolic algebra. But instead of interpreting the resulting equations as curves in a Cartesian plane, we interpret them as Khayyam himself did, as relations between positive geometrical magnitudes represented by conics in the Apollonian sense. On this basis, and using a purpose-designed colour scheme, we reconstruct, in a compact treatment, his solutions to all the cubic equations treated by Khayyam. The reconstruction brings to light a hidden feature of the treatise and draws a sharp line between the geometrization of algebra as practised by Khayyam, on the one hand, and the geometrization of algebra developed by Fermat and Descartes, on the other.
ER -