Leaking Sound Waves: Gravitational Waves From Dark Sectors Weakly Coupled to the Standard Model
Abstract
First-order phase transitions in a dark sector can produce an observable stochastic gravitational-wave background, and many models predicting such signals in current and future experiments have been explored. For moderately strong transitions, hydrodynamical simulations suggest that sound waves generated by the expansion and collisions of true-vacuum bubbles are the dominant source of gravitational waves. It is often assumed that these sound waves propagate only within the dark-sector fluid, while the impact of the visible sector is neglected. In this paper, we investigate the effects of a weak coupling between the dark and visible fluids on the resulting gravitational-wave signal. We adopt a phenomenological hydrodynamical description of two ultra-relativistic fluids, parametrizing their interactions without specifying an underlying microscopic model. We focus on the regime in which the coupling can be neglected during the phase transition but becomes relevant during the subsequent, longer-lasting period of sound wave propagation. Within this framework, we analytically show that, even if the bubble expansion initially affects only the dark fluid, sound waves can subsequently be induced in the visible sector. Using the sound-shell model, we find that, despite the additional sound waves generated in the visible sector, the total gravitational-wave signal sourced by both fluids is generally suppressed compared to the case of a completely decoupled dark sector. This suppression becomes more pronounced for larger interaction rates and a larger ratio of relativistic degrees of freedom in the visible sector to those in the dark sector. The coupling also modifies the shape of the gravitational-wave spectrum.
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BibTeX
@misc{finetti2026leaking,
title = {{Leaking Sound Waves: Gravitational Waves From Dark Sectors Weakly Coupled to the Standard Model}},
author = {Marco Finetti and Helena Kolešová and Daniil Krichevskiy},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.40781},
eprint = {2610.40781},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40781},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Leaking Sound Waves: Gravitational Waves From Dark Sectors Weakly Coupled to the Standard Model
AU - Marco Finetti
AU - Helena Kolešová
AU - Daniil Krichevskiy
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/29
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.40781
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40781
AB - First-order phase transitions in a dark sector can produce an observable stochastic gravitational-wave background, and many models predicting such signals in current and future experiments have been explored. For moderately strong transitions, hydrodynamical simulations suggest that sound waves generated by the expansion and collisions of true-vacuum bubbles are the dominant source of gravitational waves. It is often assumed that these sound waves propagate only within the dark-sector fluid, while the impact of the visible sector is neglected. In this paper, we investigate the effects of a weak coupling between the dark and visible fluids on the resulting gravitational-wave signal. We adopt a phenomenological hydrodynamical description of two ultra-relativistic fluids, parametrizing their interactions without specifying an underlying microscopic model. We focus on the regime in which the coupling can be neglected during the phase transition but becomes relevant during the subsequent, longer-lasting period of sound wave propagation. Within this framework, we analytically show that, even if the bubble expansion initially affects only the dark fluid, sound waves can subsequently be induced in the visible sector. Using the sound-shell model, we find that, despite the additional sound waves generated in the visible sector, the total gravitational-wave signal sourced by both fluids is generally suppressed compared to the case of a completely decoupled dark sector. This suppression becomes more pronounced for larger interaction rates and a larger ratio of relativistic degrees of freedom in the visible sector to those in the dark sector. The coupling also modifies the shape of the gravitational-wave spectrum.
ER -