Fate of "Space-like singularities" in c=1 Matrix Model
Abstract
A class of time dependent backgrounds in two dimensional String Theory leads to superluminal Liouville walls on the worldsheet. In the dual double scaled c=1 matrix model these backgrounds involve eigenvalues leaking out to infinity, and the collective field fluctuations become strongly coupled along space-like regions, resembling singularities. We realize these backgrounds as results of quantum quenches in the matrix model, retaining non-linear terms in the matrix potential, thus departing from a double scaling limit. Working in the fermion picture in a Thomas-Fermi approximation, we show that while the early time behavior of the phase space density near the maximum of the potential agrees with that obtained in the double scaled theory, at times of the order (log N) the effect of the IR wall becomes significant. At later times, with a characteristic winding time of order (log N)2, folds on the fermi surface proliferate and eventually cover the allowed region in phase space densely. Using action-angle variables, we show that the phase space density oscillates around a time independent and angle independent value rapidly at late times. A coarse-grained density in the angle space relaxes to a time independent equilibrium value as a power law with an exponent largely independent of the details of the initial state. Thus, the appearance of a space-like singularity is an artifact of the strict double scaling limit. We comment on the interpretation of the final state in String Theory.
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BibTeX
@misc{das2026fate,
title = {{Fate of "Space-like singularities" in $c=1$ Matrix Model}},
author = {Sumit R. Das and Shaun D. Hampton and Sinong Liu and Gautam Mandal},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2606.31925},
eprint = {2606.31925},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31925},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Fate of "Space-like singularities" in c=1 Matrix Model
AU - Sumit R. Das
AU - Shaun D. Hampton
AU - Sinong Liu
AU - Gautam Mandal
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/03
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2606.31925
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31925
AB - A class of time dependent backgrounds in two dimensional String Theory leads to superluminal Liouville walls on the worldsheet. In the dual double scaled c=1 matrix model these backgrounds involve eigenvalues leaking out to infinity, and the collective field fluctuations become strongly coupled along space-like regions, resembling singularities. We realize these backgrounds as results of quantum quenches in the matrix model, retaining non-linear terms in the matrix potential, thus departing from a double scaling limit. Working in the fermion picture in a Thomas-Fermi approximation, we show that while the early time behavior of the phase space density near the maximum of the potential agrees with that obtained in the double scaled theory, at times of the order (log N) the effect of the IR wall becomes significant. At later times, with a characteristic winding time of order (log N)^2, folds on the fermi surface proliferate and eventually cover the allowed region in phase space densely. Using action-angle variables, we show that the phase space density oscillates around a time independent and angle independent value rapidly at late times. A coarse-grained density in the angle space relaxes to a time independent equilibrium value as a power law with an exponent largely independent of the details of the initial state. Thus, the appearance of a space-like singularity is an artifact of the strict double scaling limit. We comment on the interpretation of the final state in String Theory.
ER -