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Peer-reviewedCC BYRSC advances

S-Scheme charge transfer in topotactically transformed LTO/g-C3N4 for photo-Fenton mineralization in complex water matrices

  • Fowzia S. Alamro1
  • Wafaa B. Elsharkawy2
  • Arafat Toghan3
  • Ashraf A. Mohamed4
  • Ayman M. Mostafa5
  • Mohamed Farag4,6
  • Hoda A. Ahmed7
  • Mohamed A. Ahmed4
  • Mahmoud A. Elsayed4
7 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University P.O. Box 84428 Riyadh 11671 Saudi Arabia
  2. 2Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 173 11942 Al-Kharj Saudi Arabia
  3. 3Chemistry Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) 11623 Riyadh Saudi Arabia
  4. 4Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
  5. 5Department of Physics, College of Science, Qassim University P.O.Box 6644 Buraydah Almolaydah 51452 Saudi Arabia
  6. 6The Higher Institute for Optics Technology, Culture and Science City Cairo 17361 Egypt
  7. 7Department of Chemistry, College of Science in Yanbu, Taibah University Yanbu Governorate Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

The development of visible-light-driven photo-Fenton catalysts for the mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants remains a challenge in wastewater treatment. In this study, an S-scheme-type ZnFe2O4/ZnO/CuO@g-C3N4 (GLTO) heterojunction was prepared via topotactic transformation of a Zn–Cu–Fe layered triple hydroxide (LTH) precursor, followed by ultrasonic assembly with exfoliated g-C3N4. Structural and optical characterizations revealed intimate interfacial contact, a mesoporous architecture (mean pore diameter, 31.0 nm; specific surface area, 49.6 m2 g−1), and an optical band gap of 2.4 eV. The GLTO composite demonstrated visible-light photo-Fenton activity for the degradation of rhodamine B dye (RhB), achieving 93.5% dye removal and 65% total organic carbon (TOC) reduction within 28 min. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed progressive conversion to low-molecular-weight products, with the detected intermediates tentatively assigned. The apparent rate constant (0.0877 min−1) was ∼30-fold higher than that of bare LTO. The catalyst maintained >90% degradation efficiency at 10 mM NaCl and 72% degradation at 10 mg L−1 humic acid under the tested model water conditions, and retained >95% of its initial activity after five cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy supported enhanced charge separation and the involvement of reactive oxygen species, consistent with the proposed S-scheme mechanism. In this model, electrons are retained on g-C3N4, while holes are retained on the LTO component. ECOSAR modeling predicted a progressive reduction in the potential ecotoxicity of the detected intermediates. These findings demonstrate the potential of LTH-derived multimetal oxides coupled with g-C3N4 for the photo-Fenton treatment of organic pollutants under the tested model water conditions.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{alamro2026sscheme,
  title = {{S-Scheme charge transfer in topotactically transformed LTO/g-C3N4 for photo-Fenton mineralization in complex water matrices}},
  author = {Fowzia S. Alamro and Wafaa B. Elsharkawy and Arafat Toghan and Ashraf A. Mohamed and Ayman M. Mostafa and Mohamed Farag and Hoda A. Ahmed and Mohamed A. Ahmed and Mahmoud A. Elsayed},
  journal = {RSC advances},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1039/d6ra06898g},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13662861},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - S-Scheme charge transfer in topotactically transformed LTO/g-C3N4 for photo-Fenton mineralization in complex water matrices
AU  - Fowzia S. Alamro
AU  - Wafaa B. Elsharkawy
AU  - Arafat Toghan
AU  - Ashraf A. Mohamed
AU  - Ayman M. Mostafa
AU  - Mohamed Farag
AU  - Hoda A. Ahmed
AU  - Mohamed A. Ahmed
AU  - Mahmoud A. Elsayed
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/14
JO  - RSC advances
DO  - 10.1039/d6ra06898g
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13662861
AB  - The development of visible-light-driven photo-Fenton catalysts for the mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants remains a challenge in wastewater treatment. In this study, an S-scheme-type ZnFe2O4/ZnO/CuO@g-C3N4 (GLTO) heterojunction was prepared via topotactic transformation of a Zn–Cu–Fe layered triple hydroxide (LTH) precursor, followed by ultrasonic assembly with exfoliated g-C3N4. Structural and optical characterizations revealed intimate interfacial contact, a mesoporous architecture (mean pore diameter, 31.0 nm; specific surface area, 49.6 m2 g−1), and an optical band gap of 2.4 eV. The GLTO composite demonstrated visible-light photo-Fenton activity for the degradation of rhodamine B dye (RhB), achieving 93.5% dye removal and 65% total organic carbon (TOC) reduction within 28 min. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed progressive conversion to low-molecular-weight products, with the detected intermediates tentatively assigned. The apparent rate constant (0.0877 min−1) was ∼30-fold higher than that of bare LTO. The catalyst maintained >90% degradation efficiency at 10 mM NaCl and 72% degradation at 10 mg L−1 humic acid under the tested model water conditions, and retained >95% of its initial activity after five cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy supported enhanced charge separation and the involvement of reactive oxygen species, consistent with the proposed S-scheme mechanism. In this model, electrons are retained on g-C3N4, while holes are retained on the LTO component. ECOSAR modeling predicted a progressive reduction in the potential ecotoxicity of the detected intermediates. These findings demonstrate the potential of LTH-derived multimetal oxides coupled with g-C3N4 for the photo-Fenton treatment of organic pollutants under the tested model water conditions.
SN  - 2046-2069
ER  -