Properties of natural polynomials for Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes
Abstract
The quasi-normal modes of black holes play various important roles in gravitational wave theory, signal modeling, and data analysis; however, there remain open questions about their mathematical properties. Aspects of classical polynomial theory have been proposed as a framework to investigate quasinormal mode orthogonality and completeness. We have recently presented a class of polynomials that are "natural" to quasi-normal modes in that they are restricted by the quasi-normal mode boundary conditions, and exactly tridiagonalize Teukolsky's radial equation. In turn, these polynomials may be useful for better understanding the vector space properties of quasi-normal mode solutions to that equation. Here, we provide an overview of these polynomials' analytic properties: their 3-term recurrence relation, ladder operators and governing differential equation. We demonstrate that the natural polynomials for Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes are Pollaczek-Jacobi polynomials with complex valued parameters. Along the way, we observe a novel property that is particular to Schwarzschild: the polynomials' 3-term recurrence relation always peaks at the physical overtone index. This work supports the broader application of these polynomials, as well as their extension to black hole spacetimes beyond Schwarzschild and Kerr.
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BibTeX
@misc{foucoin2026properties,
title = {{Properties of natural polynomials for Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes}},
author = {Michelle Foucoin and Lionel London},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.14078},
eprint = {2605.14078},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14078},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Properties of natural polynomials for Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes
AU - Michelle Foucoin
AU - Lionel London
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/07
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.14078
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.14078
AB - The quasi-normal modes of black holes play various important roles in gravitational wave theory, signal modeling, and data analysis; however, there remain open questions about their mathematical properties. Aspects of classical polynomial theory have been proposed as a framework to investigate quasinormal mode orthogonality and completeness. We have recently presented a class of polynomials that are "natural" to quasi-normal modes in that they are restricted by the quasi-normal mode boundary conditions, and exactly tridiagonalize Teukolsky's radial equation. In turn, these polynomials may be useful for better understanding the vector space properties of quasi-normal mode solutions to that equation. Here, we provide an overview of these polynomials' analytic properties: their 3-term recurrence relation, ladder operators and governing differential equation. We demonstrate that the natural polynomials for Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes are Pollaczek-Jacobi polynomials with complex valued parameters. Along the way, we observe a novel property that is particular to Schwarzschild: the polynomials' 3-term recurrence relation always peaks at the physical overtone index. This work supports the broader application of these polynomials, as well as their extension to black hole spacetimes beyond Schwarzschild and Kerr.
ER -