Simulating the thermodynamics of gas, radiation, and multispecies dust: Method and applications to protoplanetary disks
Abstract
The thermodynamics of protoplanetary disks, governed by a complex interplay between gas, dust, and radiation, exerts a strong influence on their morphology and dynamics at both large and small scales. Historically, hydrodynamical simulations have treated thermodynamics with approximate prescriptions, such as local isothermality, parametrized β-cooling, and radiation hydrodynamics with gas-dust thermal equilibrium. However, a more comprehensive and self-consistent approach would more accurately reproduce the wealth of features found in observations, which in modern times have reached unprecedented spectral, angular, and vertical resolution. With this motivation, we have devised a radiation-hydrodynamics scheme for the PLUTO code with energy exchange (via absorption, emission, and collisions) for gas, radiation, and multiple species of dust. Dust-gas dynamics are handled by treating each dust species as a pressureless, diffusive fluid, ensuring that our scheme can represent changes in disk illumination caused by grain settling and trapping. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme in several test problems, and conclude by discussing its relevance to open questions in protoplanetary disk studies.
Versions
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BibTeX
@misc{muley2026simulating,
title = {{Simulating the thermodynamics of gas, radiation, and multispecies dust: Method and applications to protoplanetary disks}},
author = {Dhruv Muley and David Melon Fuksman and Prakruti Sudarshan and Alexandros Ziampras and Mario Flock},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.30252},
eprint = {2609.30252},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30252},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Simulating the thermodynamics of gas, radiation, and multispecies dust: Method and applications to protoplanetary disks
AU - Dhruv Muley
AU - David Melon Fuksman
AU - Prakruti Sudarshan
AU - Alexandros Ziampras
AU - Mario Flock
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/24
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.30252
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30252
AB - The thermodynamics of protoplanetary disks, governed by a complex interplay between gas, dust, and radiation, exerts a strong influence on their morphology and dynamics at both large and small scales. Historically, hydrodynamical simulations have treated thermodynamics with approximate prescriptions, such as local isothermality, parametrized β-cooling, and radiation hydrodynamics with gas-dust thermal equilibrium. However, a more comprehensive and self-consistent approach would more accurately reproduce the wealth of features found in observations, which in modern times have reached unprecedented spectral, angular, and vertical resolution. With this motivation, we have devised a radiation-hydrodynamics scheme for the PLUTO code with energy exchange (via absorption, emission, and collisions) for gas, radiation, and multiple species of dust. Dust-gas dynamics are handled by treating each dust species as a pressureless, diffusive fluid, ensuring that our scheme can represent changes in disk illumination caused by grain settling and trapping. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme in several test problems, and conclude by discussing its relevance to open questions in protoplanetary disk studies.
ER -